城市社会发育的牵引共治模式研究——以S区“美丽XM共同缔造”行动为例

Study on the Model of Mutual Promotion and Joint Governance of Urban Social Development——Taking the Strategic Action Plan of“Together to Create a Beautiful XM”of S District as an Example

S区“美丽XM共同缔造”行动的生长机理和发展进程,体现了政府推动下集体行动和城市社会发育过程,既向人们全景展示城市基层社会治理的新实践、新进展、新经验,又阐释和说明城市社会发育的空间、条件、价值与限度。“美丽XM共同缔造”展现了S区政府通过公权力“瘦身”、引入市场竞争机制、全景展示共同缔造不同类型公众参与(闭式参与、发展式参与、诉求式参与和互动式参与)来实现自我转变。政府通过培育和大力发展多层次多类型的社会组织,实现社会的有效参与;“共同缔造”把分散的社会单元再组织起来再造治理单元,实现社区的有效自治,居民自治逐渐发育,社会自主性开始萌芽。S区“美丽XM共同缔造”行动不但激活了沉睡已久的城市居民自治制度,是国家政策在地方实践中的具体体现,还创造了一种新型国家与社会关系——牵引共治,这是国家与社会关系在中国的新发展,也提供了一个强国家下社会发育的新路径。

This thesis,under the theme of government-led urban social development,probes into strategic action plan by XM’s S District-"Together to Create a Beautiful XM".Taking the theoretical framework of"statesociety"relations,this dissertation attempts to address the research questions behind this action plan by exploring its mechanism and implementation process;in order to demonstrate progress and new experience of urban governance,as well as to elaborate and explain its space,conditions,value and related restrictions.This case study aims at contributing to the theoretical discussion of new paths of urban development in government-led countries,as well as highlighting China’s unique experience.This dissertation concluded,as follows,that the strategic action plan of"Together to Create a Beautiful XM"stands out as an example for the Chinese perspective of urban development in government-led countries.With regards to the content,the administration of the action plan is to achieve new progress based on the formal social governance.With regard to the process,this action requires the participation of society with promotion from the government.The government safeguards the systems and creates forward-looking atmosphere for reforms by planning news policies,issuing new documents,providing start-up capitals and launching campaigns.Meanwhile,the government decentralizes its rights and vitalizes social participation,and thus,accelerating the development of society,by operationalizing the concepts of"joint decisionmaking,joint development-seeking,joint supervision,joint results-assessing,and joint benefits-sharing".Different from the western mode,the Chinese urban grass-root society is largely shaped by governmental willpower,for the urban plans of major Chinese cities are all the products of national guidelines.It also distinguishes itself from Chinese rural development.In ancient China,the rural society was far from imperial power.This tradition has been inherited to the contemporary era which leads to a high degree of autonomy of rural Chinese people.However,western theories might not apply to China,and the experience of autonomy of Chinese villagers might not be fully applicable to urban issues.The action plan of"Together to Create a Beautiful XM"contributes to the emergence of urban autonomy in China as the response to national strategy,but also gives rise to a new state-society relations in today’s new era-mutual promotion and joint governance,which sets a new path for urban social development in government-led countries.First,it is very difficult for Chinese society to rely on self-development.The space for social development and growth is directly related to the decentralization of government.Whether to delegate powers and what powers to be delegated have plunged the government into the contradiction between decentralization and centralization.After the Qin dynasty unified China,a unified society with vast territory and close structure was established.The formation and stability of this unified society are not formed naturally with economic development,but from the forced integration of centralized autocratic rule.In a centralized autocratic country,social space is completely squeezed and social forces cannot develop.Due to the country’s lack of modern nature,some independent forces that once appeared cannot form a modern civil society.After the reform and opening up,the state has loosened its economic centralization,but it is still in a highly centralized state in politics,which is manifested in the society arranged by the government.The omnipotent government’s posture of"omnipotent and all inclusive"has greatly suppressed the autonomy of society and limited the space for social selfdevelopment.In recent years,the government functions have been constantly transformed.Through administrative decentralization,part of the social space has been released,making social development possible.However,there are"subjective negative factors in promoting social autonomy",because"the government has a deep-rooted concept of managing society".In western countries,"society first,then the country"has laid the foundation for social development;the high dependence of Chinese society on the state determines the difficulty of social self-development.Second,China’s social development needs the dual drive of government and social forces.It is precisely because it is difficult for Chinese society to develop and form"primary growth"by relying on its own strength.Therefore,we need to rely on external forces to promote,cultivate society and support its growth.The state’s decentralized reform provides a basic space for social development.The state has changed its original"plenipotentiary"and promoted the emergence of the construction space of civil society.In addition,China’s social development and growth are inseparable from the administrative promotion of the government.Different from the social spontaneity of villagers’autonomy,urban society has no tradition of autonomy.When the city came into being,it was surrounded by the powerful rule of the state,which made the city lose the ability of self-governance.It needs to cultivate the society in a planned,organized and step-by-step way through the administrative promotion of the government."There is only government,there is no society",which will turn the society into a government society,thus losing the original purpose of social development.Promote the growth of social forces and realize effective participation,so as to form a bottom-up social development mechanism.The top-down decentralization of government and the bottom-up participation of society are effective ways to promote China’s social development.If the government power is too strong and the social power is too weak,forming a"strong country and weak society",it is easy to have the tendency of the government leading the society and it is difficult to form a truly developed society;on the contrary,if the social power is too strong and the government power is too weak,forming a"strong society and weak country",it is prone to the continuous impact of society on state power,like some third world countries,which makes the country fall into the dilemma of"survival politics".Therefore,it is very important for social development to distinguish between the state and society and keep the balance between the government and society.Third,organization and contractual rules are the necessary conditions for social self-development.Through highly rational social organizations,decentralized individuals can be organized,participate in public affairs through collective action,influence public power,and realize villagers’autonomy in this process.Tocqueville proposed that"associations are the only fortress against moderate autocracy","in a democratic country,the science of association is the mother of all science".At present,the common problem in Chinese society is the low degree of organization,which leads to the serious lack of social development.In the period of totalitarianism,the urban grassroots society was highly organized under the unit system,resulting in the lack of space for social autonomy;with the disintegration of the unit system,the market economy has brought about the"disorganization"of urban space,which makes the grass-roots society atomized,decentralized and fragmented.The grass-roots society needs to be effectively reorganized.Under the concept of social governance,the reorganization of grass-roots society can not be forced and over-organized like the past unit system,nor can it be completely dominated by the market.We should vigorously cultivate and develop social organizations,especially community residents’autonomous organizations,to realize the effective integration of society.At the same time,in the process of organization,contractual rules are formed to realize the autonomy of the community in the organization.Through the development of autonomy activities,community members can experience the fun of autonomy and form autonomy habits.We should be soberly aware that the development and growth of Chinese society will go through a long process.The state must not over-intervene in society in a hurry,or let society blindly participate in the state.Fourth,China’s society is the product of the state.With the continuous evolution of the relationship between the state and society,the relationship between the government and society has also changed in China’s local practice and theoretical research,presenting various forms of social governance models,such as government-arranged type,government-oriented,negotiated co-governance,cooperative governance,pluralistic co-governance,interactive co governance and so on.It should be said that the above models originated from a specific historical stage.With the continuous change of national conditions,the original social governance model has been difficult to accurately explain and summarize the new pattern of current social governance,and it is also difficult to guide the new problems in the field of current social governance.S District’s"Together to Create a Beautiful XM"action provides a new model of grass-roots social governance-traction cogovernance.Traction co-governance is driven by the government to achieve social co-governance promoted by the government by improving the government,activating society and guiding people’s participation."Traction co-governance emphasizes the role of the government in"leading"and"guiding",that is,the government takes the initiative to"lead,guide and bring out"the society,so as to realize the situation of co-governance.It neither recognizes the traditional social management mode of"one dominant"of the government,nor denies the role of the government as a"leader"and"promoter"in cultivating and supporting the growth of society.It is a new path for urban social development under a strong government in line with China’s national conditions.Different from the civil society spontaneously formed in the west,the raising and development of Chinese society is carried out in the process of modern state construction.To a certain extent,China’s society is the product of the state.In particular,the emergence and development of cities have the characteristics of national construction and planning changes.In short,the gradual withdrawal of the government from the field of market economy first leaves a free space for social development.At the same time,the government actively and consciously cultivated,supported and developed social organizations,which also lays the foundation for social autonomy.Through the establishment of co-resident and co-construction mechanism,mass participation mechanism and reverse evaluation mechanism,all social forces will be gathered together to participate in social governance.For China,the development and growth of grass-roots society cannot be separated from the administrative promotion of the government,and also needs social self-growth.The self-governing organization,contractual rules,selfconsciousness and self-governing ability naturally developed within the society are the driving force for the sustainable growth of the society.I believe that through the continuous and effective decentralization by the government,the standardized and orderly regulation of social adjustment and the strong participation of residents,China’s urban society will surely grow up!