拆迁政治的经纪选择全景——以豫中前河村为例

The Panoramic View of Broking Choice in Demolition Politics——Taking Qianhe Village in Henan Province as an Example

随着社会经济的发展和城镇化的不断推进,由城市改造、城中村拆迁所引发的一系列问题已成为当前学术界研究的热点。一方面,政府获得土地财政、农民实现身份转变推进了城市经济发展,另一方面伴随着拆迁利益的存在,强拆、上访、"钉子户"等非和谐因素也给拆迁本身带来更深刻的思考。选择家乡的一个城郊村作为调研点,记录了从1996年开始历经5次的征地拆迁,目前正在进行规模较大的第6次拆迁。通过运用"过程—事件"研究方法,比较完整地再现了2009年拆迁即第五次拆迁过程,并通过总结,提出了"经纪选择"的解释性概念。拆迁权力结构的权力等级差和信息差,是拆迁秩序形成的基础条件,政府主体在拆迁利益上的自由裁量权就是利益的"经纪空间"。在经纪人的选择上,利益、风险和成本是最重要的变量,血缘与地缘关系、社会资本与政治资本的大小是一种序列性的选择,但在"血缘"原则与"利益"原则冲突时,利益成为拆迁户选择的优先序列。

With the development of social economy and the continuous advancement of urbanization,a series of problems caused by urban renewal and urban village demolition have become an outstanding study in academic circles.On the one hand,the government obtains land finance,and farmers realize identity transformation to promote urban economic development;on the other hand,with the existence of demolition interests,non-harmonious factors such as forced demolition,petition and "nail house" also bring profound thinking to the demolition itself.By reviewing the existing researches on rural governance and land acquisition,it was found that there were some shortcomings in studying views on those issues and ignorance on serious local practices for paying too much attention to land system.In addition,emphasizing the peasants " struggling and governments" violent and fixing study views most on pattern of state-rural and government-peasants were the main tends.Therefore,taking the relations of multilevel brought into state and rural society as study subject and explored the dynamic game playing procedures.The research site is a suburban village in the hometown.Since 1996,it has undergone five land acquisition and demolition,and is currently undergoing a sixth large-scale demolition.Through the use of the "processevent" research method,the fifth relocation process in 2009 was completely reproduced,and through summarization,there are several characteristics that have caused the author’s deep thought:multi-agent,multiple broker structure,multiple forces promote.Traditional research generally involves government,rural cadres and farmers,and the author found in the interview that the whole process of land acquisition and demolition is to absorb the group leader,clan elite and other subjects,and nested in the family structure to be smoothly promoted.The logic of the line is expanded,transitioned and linked by the government-township,township-village group,and clan farmers.The game of land acquisition and demolition occurs in the brokerage structure rather than the direct dialogue between the farmers and the government;the promotion mechanism of the bureaucracy.The motive power of the brokerage entity,the protection mechanism of the clan community,and the monetary community maximization logic of the small farmers finally shaped the broker selection in the process of land acquisition and demolition,and affected the game results of the entities involved in land acquisition and demolition.The case of Qianhe Village in Henan was selected as a typical study to "deeply describe" the daily politics that occurred during the demolition process of the village.From the middle,we can see the interaction between the state,local government and grassroots in the process of social transformation.Specifically,in the process of demolition,the interests of the local government are played by the households,and the local government seeks a certain balance between economic development,people’s livelihood and social stability in order to better fulfill their own interests.They have to resort to "broker selection" to end this game process.After the district government accepting the demolition task,the district government-township-administrative village and other entities have undergone a series of "trust-agent" type task decomposition,responsibility decentralization,sports mobilization and interest incentives,and finally formed various kinds of institutions and specialized demolition agencies.Mandatory power and manipulative power are not applicable.Utilitarian power and personality power are the key factors affecting the relocated households.The various institutional guarantees and power structures of the district government and the demolition headquarters did not play a decisive role,and eventually had to return to the street office and village community level to solve the problem.This is not only a helpless move to ease the tension between the command and the rural power structure,but also a realistic choice to promote the demolition work.The essence is that the state relies on strong administrative power,intervenes in the private network of interpersonal relationships in the local society,and uses a series of informal rules and regulations such as human relationships,relationships and customs of the local society to achieve the preset goals.This kind of agent relationship is in the environment in which the state’s public power is embedded.The grassroots village cadres and the village elites form a formal agreement with the state’s formal powers.The traditional rural social rules have been reshaped into a brand new one.The effective "demolition and remediation" has also shaped the rural mobilization mechanism and the "business" mechanism,providing a space of power and institutional space for the formation of brokerage choices.The demolition and implementation of the specific implementation,the demolition of each subject requires a complex and multiple game process.Among them,village cadres have a dual role.They are not only the leaders of the demolition and relocation,but also the stakeholders of the demolition interests.The cadres of the village groups have conflicts with the agency and interest incentives of the government demolition tasks and the villagers’ authorization and trust to the village cadres which strengthening Strengthened the brokerage power of the village group cadres.The demolition interests have both an intensified side and a deconstructed side of the demolition order:it can promote the "warming and warming" and "joining and retreating" between the households,and can also be "smashed" by the village group cadres in exchange for interests,and even capture the traditional portal elite.This kind of game relationship even affects the election of village politics and activates the party relations and democratic competition system within the village.The land acquisition and demolition of the administrative village cadres and village leaders will be promoted by the group leader and clan elites,and nested in the traditional "acquaintance society" structure;the government-farmer line logic will be government-township,township-village.The expansion,transition and linkage of brokerage systems such as groups and clan farmers,the game of land acquisition and demolition occurs in the brokerage structure rather than the direct dialogue between the farmers and the government;the promotion mechanism of the bureaucratic system,the profit dynamics of the brokerage entity,and the protection mechanism of the clan community.The same dynamic mechanism finally shaped the broker selection in the process of land acquisition and demolition,and affected the game results of the main bodies of land acquisition and demolition.The various strategic choices made by the various entities around the interests of demolition and relocation outline the panorama of "demolition brokerage choice".After the district government to accept the demolition task,a series of task decomposition,decentralization of responsibility and interest motivation were formed,and a variety of systems and specialized demolition agencies were eventually formed.Impact on the key to the removal of households are not coercive power and control power,but the utilitarian power and personality type power.A variety of system security and power structure of the district government and the demolition command can not play a decisive role.Eventually the problem had to return to the streets and village community level to be solved.This is not only to ease the tension between the command and rural power structure,but also to promote the practical choice of demolition work.Its essence is the country with a strong executive powers to rely on,involved in the local private social network of relationships,the rural society of human relations,the custom a series of informal rules to achieve the preset objectives.This "principal-agent" relationship is in the environment of the national public power.Grassroots village cadres and village elites and the national official authority form fit when the traditional local social rules are reshaped as a new but effective "demolition management".Because of this rural mobilization mechanism and management mechanism,the formation of the broker rules provides the power space and system space.In demolition practise,various groups involved would carry out complicated game playing among whom village leaders had double identities,namely,guides of the demolition projects and stakeholders.As agent of governments’ demolition tasks,interests of stimulus were in conflict against authorization and trust from villagers while developer strengthened their broking motivation.There are both negative and positive influences on demolition order from benefits in it,that is,they could make households to fight together and they also could be used by leaders to persuade the traditional eltes.This kind of game playing could be so powerful that effected rural political election,made alive factions relation and democratic competing system.Group leaders undertaken the demolition gradually by being fitted in traditional face-to-face society and adopting elites like group leaders and clans.In this system,strip and line logic of government-peasant was replaced,transferred and extended by broking systems such as government-township,township-village,township-genes and township-household,so that games playing in land acquisition happened in broking structure but not between households and governments directly.Finally,promoting mechanism of bureaucracy,gaining motivation of brokers and protecting mechanism of clan community formulated the broking order in the process of land acquisition and re-movement together and also affected the outcomes of different subjects there.Strategic choices made by various bodies based on their own demolition benefits had taken on a whole scene of broking rules in those projects.The innovation of the article is to propose an interpretative concept of "broker selection" with a new research perspective.Broker choice is the relationship model,structure and state of the game between the peasants and the stakeholders in the face of major interest changes.In the official propaganda discourse, "harmonious demolition" has become the symbol of demolition work.This spring and autumn brushwork obscures the grassroots practice logic of demolition politics.The power level difference and information difference of the demolition power structure are the basic conditions for the formation of the demolition order.The discretionary power of the government subject in the demolition interest is the "broker space" of interest;the broker choice is a very state rather than a daily state,brokerage.The basis is that "profitable" can be brokered.Only when faced with the sale and change of collective assets such as land acquisition and demolition,mining forests,etc.,the brokerage relationship and brokerage choice will be manifested;in the choice of brokers,the interests,risks and costs are the most important variables,blood relationship and geography,social capital and political capital are a series of choices.However,when the "blood" principle conflicts with the "interest" principle,interest becomes the priority sequence for the relocation households to choose.A suburban village in Xuchang City has undergone five large-scale land acquisitions and demolitions since 1996,and is currently undergoing a sixth large-scale demolition.In an ordinary "demolition village" in the north like many urban villages—the Qianhe village in Henan,which has undergone 6 demolitions and completed the demolition process of the village in 20 years,the farmers experienced market growth.The main bodies of the townshippeasants have undergone the evolution of "negotiation-resistance-negotiationcooperation" and finally walked from behind to the front of the stage.Finally,there are still deficiencies in this research,such as insufficient response to the problem of nailing households.The choice of brokerage is rooted in the local traditional values,social networks and power structures,and the individual nail house governance is indeed pointed out in some studies,reflecting the confrontational contradiction between the state and the peasants,reflecting the individual nails.The logic of the particularity of isolation in the explanation of the nail households,due to the limitations of the length of the paper and the difficulty of the research,there is no discussion,but to study the nail households from the perspective of broker selection,this will be a better place for the broker to choose the interpretation framework,and also the research of the nail households.Another perspective,this is where you need to improve.