“蛮土是保”:近出諻■缶铭文所反映的疆域观念

Defending the Barbarian Region:the Concept of Territory Reflected in a Newly Published Bronze Inscription

春秋时期,王纲解纽,若干小邦依违于大国之间,甚或迁徙至边域之地,在此过程中形成了某些特定的疆域观念。鄀邦即是其例。近年新发现的諻缶由春秋晚期下鄀邦某位邦君所作,缶铭“蛮土是保”反映了鄀邦统治阶层在秦、楚等大国威压与侵削之下向南方迁徙并生发出治理当地“蛮”族、保卫疆土的疆域与族群治理观念。鄀邦本是华夏集团的一员,西周时期臣属于周王国。其原处于大荆山东麓的汉水谷地中,后来分为上鄀、下鄀。上鄀灭于楚,下鄀亦复在楚、秦的压力下南徙至今湖北钟祥一带。器铭“蛮土”概念以及“蛮土是保”的疆域治理观念实渊源于西周时期的分封制以及相应的族群治理政策。西周时期,周王国对“蛮”“狄”等边域族群以招徕为主,并通过武力威压使之臣服。周王在边域地区分封诸侯、邦君,并授命他们治理封域之内的各个族群,周王国的疆域由此得到极大拓展,部分边域地区亦逐渐形成了“蛮土”“裔土”等特定称谓。在此过程中,受封在边域的贵族群体亦逐渐形成治理“蛮”族、保疆守土的疆域与族群治理观念。在春秋王权衰微的背景下,鄀邦南徙于所谓“蛮土”之域实由于秦、楚等大国的逼迫,自不会再有王命之事,鄀君所提出的“蛮土是保”大概亦只是无奈之言,不过仍曲折反映了小邦以周代典制对抗大国威压的历史情实。

During the Spring and Autumn Period,the kingship ties declined,and some small states were oppressed by the big powers thus migrated to border areas,which formed up certain concepts of territory in the process.The state of Ruo(鄀)is a case in this process.A newly excavated bronze Huangxi-fou(諻■缶)written with inscriptions by a ruler of Ruo state revealed that the inscription of“defending the barbarian region”.It reflects the concept of territory and ethnic governance of the ruling class under the power and invasion of Qin,Chu and other big states to the south and generating the ideal of governing the local barbarians and defending the territory.The Ruo state was a member of Huaxia Group,and subordinated to the Zhou kingdom during the Western Zhou Dynasty.The state of Ruo later divided into two states,the Upper Ruo and the Lower Ruo.The Upper Ruo was destroyed by Chu Kingdom while the Lower Ruo,under the pressure of Qin and Chu,moved southward to the present Zhongxiang in Hubei Province.The concept of“the barbarian region”and the concept of“defending the barbarian region”in the bronze inscription indeed originated from the enfeoffment system and the corresponding ethnic governance policy in the Western Zhou Dynasty.In the Western Zhou Dynasty,the Zhou Kingdom mainly adopted measures to attract the affiliation of ethnic groups such and Man(蛮)and and Di(狄)in the borderlands before taking oppressing measures through military forces.The king of Zhou conferred vassals and princes in the border areas,and instructed them to govern the indigenous groups in the border areas,which greatly expanded the territory of the Zhou kingdom,and some border areas gradually formed specific titles such as“barbarian region”and“outer territory”.During this process,the nobility groups enclosed in the border areas also gradually formed the idea of governing barbarians and safeguarding the territory.During the Spring and Autumn Period,under the backdrop of declining king’s power,the“defending the barbarian region”proposed by the ruler of the Ruo state was probably an empty words,but it still reflects the historical situation of the small state’s adopting the Zhou decrees and regulations to resist to the pressure from the great powers.