为什么是“自然人”破产法?

Why“Natural Person”Bankruptcy Law?

2018年,我国再一次将推进自然人破产立法提上议程。但是官方文件、“两会”议案提案、学术争论、实践试点等对具体立法是“自然人”破产法、“个人”破产法、“商自然人”破产法抑或“消费者”破产法还存在表述上的混淆。确定法律适用主体范围,进而确定法律名称,是立法的前提性问题。本文通过比较法上的经验考察,发现发展趋势是适用于统一的自然人。考察本国立法史和学术争论,认为“个人”破产法、“商自然人”破产法和“消费者”破产法都存在不当之处。“自然人”破产法是最合适的选择,这是历史经验所得,符合发展趋势,是我国民商合一体例下遵循《民法典》对民事主体分类的逻辑必然,也有利于未来自然人破产法的进一步发展。

Since 2018,China has once again put the promotion of bankruptcy legislation for natural persons on the agenda.However,in terms of official documents,proposals of the sessions,academic debates,practical pilots,etc.,there is still confusion as to whether the specific legislation is a“natural person”bankruptcy law,an“individual”bankruptcy law,a“commercial natural person”bankruptcy law,or a“consumer”bankruptcy law.Determining the scope of the subject of application of the law,and then determining the name of the law,is a prerequisite issue for legislation.Through the empirical examination of comparative law,this paper finds that the development trend is applicable to unified natural persons.Examining the legislative history and academic debates in China,it is believed that there are improprieties in the bankruptcy of“individuals”,bankruptcy of“commercial natural persons”and bankruptcy of“consumers”.The“natural person”bankruptcy law is the most suitable choice,which is obtained from historical experience,is in line with the development trend,and is the logical necessity of following the classification of civil subjects in the Civil Code under the affairs of civil and commercial integration in China,and is also conducive to the further development of the bankruptcy law of natural persons in the future.