个人破产立法的理论逻辑与现实进路

The Theoretical Logic and Practical Approach of Individual Insolvency Legislation

我国企业破产制度渐趋成熟,个人破产立法依然争议较大,深圳经济特区开始个人破产制度试点改革具有里程碑意义。基于历史和比较法的视角,个人破产立法属大势所趋,立法机关应当尽快走出地方试点立法、分步推进的模式,并摒弃从商人破产再到非商人破产的立法思路,选择整体推进的立法路径。个人破产立法的制度初衷在于集体清偿与按比例分配,在此基础上通过破产免责融入困境拯救理念,实现赋予债务人全新开始的目的。个人破产制度的高效公正实施,离不开机构管理与公众监督,前者需要通过设置破产事务管理机构来实现,难点在于机构的定位和职责范围的界定;后者则要求建立规范的个人破产信息登记制度,难点在于信息分类和信息公开的技术规则设计。

Although China’s enterprise bankruptcy system is becoming more and more rounded,the personal bankruptcy legislation remains less developed.In this sense,the experimental reform of individual insolvency system initiated in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone is considered as an important milestone for its development in China.From a historical and comparative point of view,individual insolvency legislation is widely needed,and the legislature should abandon the businessman-bankruptcy and non-businessman-bankruptcy legislative mentality and move quickly from the local,gradual legislation to a process of sweeping legislation.The original intention of the establishment of individual insolvency system is to settle collective compensation and to match employees’contributions,and on this basis,to exonerate the debtor from the debt in order to help him or her to jump start a new business.The efficient and impartial implementation of the individual insolvency system depends on affective institutional management and strict public supervision.To carry out affective institutional management means to structure an efficient insolvency service institution,which further relies on the positioning of such institution and the defining of its responsibility.To foster strict supervision requires the establishment of a regulatory registration system of individual insolvency information,in which further depends on the design of technical rules for information classification and information disclosure.