博物馆观众研究简史(一)——20世纪60年代以前

Visitor Studies: A Short History(Part Ⅰ,Before 1960s)

博物馆观众研究领域最早的成果可以追溯到吉尔曼在1911年的研究工作,本文对观众评估研究的关注对象与问题进行了历史性的批判分析。本研究揭示了各类研究建立的范式,包括对实施机制的说明、对评估客观性的审问、对文化民主化研究和营销相关研究之间不协调性的强调。本文介绍了博物馆观众研究领域的形成和早期研究的成果,描绘了20世纪60年代以前这一领域的行为主义研究进路,以及这一阶段末期自然主义评估萌芽的出现。

This article offers a historical and critical analysis of the preoccupations and problems covered by studies on evaluation since the first works by Gilman in 1911.It reveals the paradigms on which the studies were built,to illustrate the dynamics put in place,to question the objectives of evaluation,and to highlight the tensions between studies concerning cultural democratization and those linked to marketing.The shaping of visitor studies as an academic field were introduced in this part,as well as and earlier research results in this field.It also described the approach of behaviorism in this field from the beginning to 1960 s,and the sprout of naturalistic evaluation at the end of this period.