论“管理性强制性规定”的解释标准——基于“经济公序”的分析

On Standards for Construing"Management-oriented Mandatory Rules"——Based on the Analysis of"Economic Public Order"

对于民法上“管理性强制性规定”的解释标准,我国实务界和理论界均未提供明确的答案。这种不明确致使“管理性强制性规定”司法适用存在两个问题,一个是倒因为果的循环论证逻辑,另一个是公益绝对优先的价值衡量倾向,两者导致司法机关在适用“管理性强制性规定”时裁量标准较为随意。这两个问题的成因在于我国学界在继受日本法上的“取缔规定”来创制“管理性强制性规定”概念时,未把握住该概念的关键点即作为“管理性强制性规定”之源头的“取缔规定”与“经济公序”的联系。“经济公序”是指规制法律行为效力的经济性公共秩序,“经济公序”理论既可以厘清“管理性强制性规定”之内部要素,也能够协调“管理性强制性规定”的外部环境,故应基于该理论来厘定“管理性强制性规定”的解释标准。首先,要做到构成要件上形式化,即明确与“经济公序”相关的规定属于“管理性强制性规定”,并将此种规定分为基于“消费者公序”的规定以及基于“竞争公序”的规定两种类型。其次,要在违反“管理性强制性规定”行为的法律效果判定上做到精细化,即根据比例原则的要求在具体的个案中审查违反“管理性强制性规定”的法律行为的效力。

Neither the practical circle or theoretical circle in China has provided a clear answer to the standard for construing"management-oriented mandatory rules"in civil law.This unclearness results in two problems in the judicial application of"management-oriented mandatory rules":one is the circular reasoning logic that regards the cause as the consequence,and the other is the tendency of value measurement by absolutely prioritizing public interest,both of which lead to discretionary standards in the application of this provision by judicial authorities.The root cause of these two problems lies in the fact that when the academia of China adopted the concept of"managementoriented mandatory rules"from the"prohibition provisions"in the law of Japan,they did not grasp the key point of such concept,i.e.,the connection between"prohibition provisions"as the source of such regulation and"economic public order"."Economic public order"refers to the economy-involved public order that regulates the effectiveness of legal acts.The theory of"economic public order"can be used to not only clarify the internal elements of"management-oriented mandatory rules",but also coordinate the external environment of"management-oriented mandatory rules",thus,the standards for construing"management-oriented mandatory rules"should be determined on basis of this theory.Firstly,the formalization of the constitutive elements should be achieved,that is,the provisions related to"economic public order"should be clearly classified as"management-oriented mandatory rules",and such provisions should be divided into two types:regulations based on"consumer public order"and regulations based on"competition public order".Secondly,the determination of the legal effects of acts that violate"management-oriented mandatory rules"should be refined,that is,the effectiveness of juristic acts that violate"management-oriented mandatory rules"should be examined in specific cases according to the requirements of the principle of proportionali ty.