环境行政法律责任的体系化及法典构造

On the Systematization and Codification Structure of Environmental Administrative Liability

行政法律责任是环境法的重要内容,在现行法律中的规定相对分散,推动环境行政法律责任制度的体系化发展是环境法的重要课题,也是环境法典编纂中需要重点关注的问题。应当以环境保护目标为导向,立足于传统行政法律责任的运用,并充分考虑环境行政的特殊性进行创新发展,推动政府环境行政法律责任制度、环境行政处罚制度、环境行政处分制度的体系化。环境法典编纂中应当适当考虑立法技术要求,对三类责任进行适当编排:一是主要在法律责任编的一般规定中规定政府的环境行政法律责任,以概括性条文规定政府的环境质量责任、生态补偿责任、环境损害补偿责任等;二是对行政相对人的处罚规则分别规定在法律责任编的行政法律责任章以及污染控制等分则编中,前者规定环境行政处罚的一般规则、通用性规范,后者主要针对具体的环境行政管理制度配套规定具体的行政处罚规则;三是对公职人员的处分以相对概括的方式集中规定在法律责任编的行政法律责任章中。同时还要做好环境行政法律责任与行政法律责任一般规定、民事责任制度、刑事责任制度的衔接,在法律责任体系中对其进行妥当安置。

Administrative legal liability is an important element of environmental law,and the current regulations of existing laws are relatively scattered,so promoting the systematic development of the environmental administrative legal liability system is an important issue in environmental law,and it is also a key focus in the compilation of the environmental code.It should be guided by environmental protection objectives,based on the application of traditional administrative legal liability,and fully consider the special characteristics of environmental administration for innovative development,to promote the systematic development of the government environmental administrative legal liability system,environmental administrative punishment system,and environmental administrative sanction system.In the compilation of the environmental code,appropriate consideration should be given to the legislative technical requirements,and the three types of liability should be properly organized.Firstly,the environmental administrative legal liability of the government should be provided in the general provisions of the legal liability chapter,and the government’s environmental quality responsibility,ecological compensation responsibility,and environmental damage compensation responsibility should be stipulated in summarized provisions.Secondly,the punishment rules for administrative counterparts should be separately stipulated in the administrative legal liability section in the legal liability chapter as well as in pollution control and other chapters.The former specifies the general rules and norms for environmental administrative punishment,while the latter mainly provides specific administrative punishment rules for specific environmental administrative management systems.Thirdly,the administrative sanction on public officials should be concentrated and provided in the administrative legal liability chapter in a relatively general way.At the same time,it is necessary to ensure a smooth connection between environmental administrative legal liability and general provisions for administrative legal liability,civil liability system,and criminal liability system,and make appropriate arrangements for them in the legal liability system.