国家通用语言能力的精神扶贫效应及其作用机制研究

The Psychological Poverty Alleviation Effect of National Common Language Proficiency and the Mechanism

近些年来,我国“语言扶贫”政策取得显著经济成效。但伴随绝对贫困的解决,精神贫困问题却正在不断凸显。中共中央、国务院印发的《乡村振兴战略规划(2018-2022年)》更是首次将“消除精神贫困”作为新时期党和国家巩固脱贫攻坚成果和实现乡村振兴的重要目标。作为信息传递与日常沟通的重要载体,国家通用语的普及对精神贫困有何影响,是通过怎样的机理实现的?本文运用2017年中国综合社会调查的数据,从“无志”和“无为”两个维度,对普通话能力的精神减贫效应和机制进行了实证分析。研究发现:第一,普通话能力对精神贫困有一定抑制作用,无论是普通话的听辨能力还是表达能力均与“无志”和“无为”显著负相关;第二,普通话能力对“无为”的影响强于对“无志”的影响;第三,普通话能力在两个维度上的精神减贫效应均存在城乡、民族和方言地域间的差异,其效果对于农村、少数民族和非北方方言区人口更为明显;第四,机制分析表明,普通话能力可以通过提高人们的社会经济地位减少精神贫困。本文在一定程度上拓宽了语言扶贫的分析维度,增强了推普脱贫的解释力,提供了语言对精神贫困影响的证据,为通用语言的推广提供一定的理论指导与现实意义。

In recent years,the policy of poverty alleviation through mandarin Chinese promotion in China has achieved remarkable economic results.However,with the elimination of absolute poverty,the problem of psychological poverty is becoming increasingly prominent.The“Rural Revitalization Strategy(2018-2022)”issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council mentioned that“eliminating psychological poverty”is an important goal for the party and the country to consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation and promote rural revitalization in the new era for the first time.As an important carrier of information transmission and a tool of daily communication,what impact will the popularization of the national common language have on psychological poverty,and what mechanism is it achieved through?This paper uses the data of the 2017 China General Social Survey to empirically test the psychological poverty alleviation effect of Mandarin from two dimensions,aspiration and behavior,and its mechanism.The study found that mandarin proficiency is significantly associated with psychological poverty.First,in the two dimensions of“aspiration”and“behavior”,the regression coefficients of all equations are negative and significant,which means that Mandarin has an inhibitory effect on the occurrence of psychological poverty.Second,both the ability of listening and speaking have more inhibitory effect on“behavior”than on“aspiration”.Third,there is considerable heterogeneity in the psychological poverty alleviation effects of mandarin proficiency.The effect is more pronounced for rural,minority and non-northern dialect populations.Fourth,the mechanism analysis shows that Mandarin can reduce psychological poverty by improving people’s socioeconomic status.To a certain extent,this paper broadens the analytical dimension of language poverty alleviation and enhance the explanatory power of promoting mandarin to alleviate poverty,which can provide certain theoretical guidance and practical significance for the future language poverty alleviation.