《安腔八音》音系及其音值構擬與其他研究

Research on Phonetic System and Reconstruction of Sound Value in An Qiang Ba Yin and Some Relative Studies

本文着重探討閩東北片代表點福安方言音系的音值,並與閩東南片代表點福州音系進行比較,繼而與閩南南片方言點漳州方言、北片方言點泉州方言做歷史比較研究。首先,探討18世紀中末葉迄民國初年韵書《安腔八音》《七音字彙》《班華字典》的音系及其音值,發現它們的韵母系統均與現代福安韵母系統有異,最大的差異是完整保留了中古三套鼻音韵尾[-m]、[-n]、[-ŋ]和入聲韵尾韵尾[-p]、[-t]、[-k]。其次,探討《安腔八音》與《戚林八音》兩種閩東南、北片方言音系的差異,闡明二者不僅聲母系統有異,連韵母系統也有異。如《安腔八音》有“十七音”而《戚林八音》則有“十五音”,且保留了中古三套鼻音/入聲韵尾,而《戚林八音》則衹有[-ŋ/-k]一套。再次,就《安腔八音》和同時代兩種閩南方言韵書《彙集雅俗通十五音》《匯音妙悟》的音系進行共時比較,發現它們在韵母系統方面有相同之處,然而若與福安、漳泉現代音系做歷時比較,就可發現福安方音正向福州方音演變,閩南方言則是保留原來的語音特點。最後,筆者從空間、時間、社會變遷諸方面探討了兩百年來福安音韵結構迅速演變而漳泉方音仍舊不變的原因。

The article focuses on sound value in phonological system of Fu’an dialect in northeast of Fujian,compares it with that of Fuzhou dialect in southeast of Fujian,and makes a historical analogy of the phonological system of Fu’an dialect mentioned above,Zhangzhou dialect in southern area of Minnan districts and Quanzhou dialect in northern area of Minnan districts.Firstly,it studies the phonological system and sound value in An Qiang Ba Yin,Qi Yin Zi Hui and Banhua Dictionary,three rhythm dictionaries published during the period from the mid-18th century to early Republic of China,then concludes that the vowel systems of Fu’an dialect in these books differ from that of modern Fu’an dialect,and the most prominent difference is the fact that three nasal finals[-m],[-n],[-ŋ]and three entering finals[-p],[-t],[-k]of Chinese mid-ancient phonetics remain intact in these three books.Secondly,it comparatively explores phonological system in An Qiang Ba Yin and Qi Lin Ba Yin,expounding that the divergences exist in both initial consonant system and vowel system.For instance,seventeen initial consonants,three nasal finals and three entering finals of Chinese mid-ancient phonetics remain intactin An Qiang Ba Yin while fifteen initial consonants and only one nasal final and one entering final in Qi Lin Ba Yin.Thirdly,it reveals the similarity of vowel system through synchronic comparison between An Qiang Ba Yin and the other two contemporary rhythm dictionaries about Minnan dialect,Hui Ji Ya Su Tong Shi Wu Yin and Hui Yin Miao Wu,and unveils the differences through diachronic comparison of phonological systems in the above three books and those of modern Fu’an dialect,Zhangzhou dialect and Quanzhou dialect,discovering the evolutionary tone from Fu’an dialect to Fuzhou dialect and unchanged tone of Minnan dialect.In the end,the article explains the causes of swift change of phonological structure of Fu’an dialect and unchanged tone of Minnan dialect over the past 200 years from the angles of space,time and social change.