湘语完成义标记“咖”“哒”的分途与交汇

The division and intersection of completion marker ga(咖)and da(哒)in Xiang dialects

湘语中北部方言表示完成义的标记有"咖""哒"及其组合形式"咖哒"和"咖……哒"。通过考察发现,"咖""哒"的使用受制于不同的因素,包括现实性状况、句子情状类型、动词情状类型以及动词语义。这些不同因素存在于不同的层级之中,其中现实性状况是"咖""哒"承担结果补语和体意义的分水岭。非现实句中消除义和获得义是"咖""哒"在现实句中用法的扩展源,决定了二者受制于不同的情状类型及不同动词语义,并发展出观察事件的两种视点:事件界限视点与时间进程视点。"咖""哒"的组合形式"咖哒"和"咖……哒"最初是两个标记语法意义的叠加,后来进一步发展出完整体意义和完成体意义。湘语完成义标记的用法反映出体标记发展过程是一个连续统。

In the Xiang dialects of northern and central Hunan province,markers denoting the meaning of"complete"include ga(咖),da(哒)and their combined forms gada(咖哒)and ga…da(咖…哒).Based on detailed investigation,this paper finds that the employment of ga and da is subject to various factors including realis/irrealis dichotomy,situation type at sentential level and verbal level,and verb semantics.Among these factors,the realis/irrealis status decides whether ga or da functions as a resultative complement or an aspect marker.It is also suggested that the indication of"to eliminate"and"to obtain"by ga and da in irrealis sentences should be the source of their appearances in realis sentences.This determines that the use of ga and da is restricted by different situation types and verb semantics,and that they indicate two different viewpoints for the observation of events:one on event boundary and another on the temporal progression of events.Besides,the combined forms gada and ga…da were originally a grammatical superposition of the two markers which later became the marker of perfect and perfective aspect.As a result,the application of completion markers in Xiang dialects suggests that the development of aspect marker is a continuum.