满汉双语比较视角下的《清文指要》被动句研究

A Comparative Study of Passive Sentence Patterns in Qingwen Zhiyao from the Perspective of Manchu-Chinese Bilingualism

满语与汉语被动表达属于不同类型。满语表达被动通常需要在动词词根与动词时制间接缀附加成分“bu”。文章对满汉合璧《清文指要》早期汉译本和北京官话改编本对应满语被动句的句式表达进行了考察。满语被动句有“O受事+S施事+de+V(⁃bu⁃)谓词”和“O受事+V(⁃bu⁃)谓词”两种结构,汉译本译为有标记被动句、无标记被动句和非被动句,其中被动标记有“被”“给”“叫”,改编本则仅使用“叫”标记。非被动句的句式选择与满语施事成分名词生命度相关。汉译本带有通语层面或南方话的成分,改编本北方话特点明显,且有口语色彩。汉译本被动句句型、施事隐现和动词类型与同时期北京官话被动句的不平衡,表现出满汉语言接触过程中,汉语受满语干扰的痕迹。汉译本和改编本译文的变化,反映出满汉两种语言类型差异以及语言的标记性对语序变化的影响。

Manchu and Chinese passive expressions belong to different types.To express passivity in Manchu,it is necessary to insert the affix bu between the root and the tense morpheme of verbs.This paper investigates the sentence patterns of Manchu passive sentences in the early Chinese translation of Qingwen Zhiyao and the adapted version of Beijing Mandarin.There are two structures of Manchu passive sentences,O+S+de+V(⁃bu⁃)and O+V(⁃bu⁃).In the Chinese translation,the relevant sentences are translated into marked passive sentences,unmarked passive sentences and active sentences.The Chinese passive sentences in the Chinese translation use passive markers bei,gei and jiao,while only jiao is used in the adapted version.The choice of sentence pattern of active sentences is related to the degree of animacy of the agent in Manchu sentences.The Chinese translation has the elements of general language or the southern dialect,and the adapted version of the northern dialect has obvious features and the colloquial color.The imbalance between the passive sentence patterns,the appearance of the agent and omission and verb type in the Chinese translation on one hand and the passive sentences of Beijing Mandarin in the same period shows the Manchu interference in the process of Manchu-Chinese language contact.The changes in the Chinese translation and the adapted version reflect the differences between Manchu and Chinese languages and the influence of language markedness on the change of word order.