承继与续造:立足于公田之上的北魏土地法律制度

Inheritance and Continuation:The Land Legal System of the Northern Wei Dynasty Based on“Gongtian”

北魏土地法律制度在中国古代土地法律制度史上有着重要的地位,它产生于民族融合的背景之下,积极借鉴和沿袭汉魏以来的土地制度,实现了由早期游牧氏族社会土地制度向农耕文明土地所有制的转变,并通过发挥公田在政治、经济、社会中巩固政权、保税富国、安民养民的重要作用,将土地制度的着眼点转向劳动力,从而把农民牢牢束缚于土地之上。北魏的土地法律制度巩固了公田的重要地位,从早期的屯田、“计口授田”到后来的“均田”,为国家发展争取到了大量的劳动力,承上启下地推进了“重使用”的土地法制传统,极大影响了隋唐乃至后来的中国土地法制,对当代土地法律制度的建构也有着重要的借鉴意义。

The land legal system of the Northern Wei dynasty played an important role in the history of ancient Chinese land legal systems.It was born in the context of ethnic integration.It actively learned from and followed the land system since the Han and Wei dynasties,and realized the transformation from the land system of the early nomadic clan society to the agricultural civilized land system.By giving full play to the important role of“Gongtian”in consolidating political power,bonding and enriching the country,and providing security and support for the people in politics,economy,and society,the focus of the land system was shifted to labor force,thus firmly binding farmers to the land.The land legal system of the Northern Wei dynasty consolidated the important status of“Gongtian”.From the early days of“Tuntian”and“Jikoushoutian”to the later“Juntian”,it won a large number of labor forces for the development of the country and promoted the“emphasis on use”land legal tradition in a continuous manner.This tradition greatly influenced China’s land legal system in the Sui and Tang dynasties and even later,and it also had important reference significance for the construction of the contemporary land legal system.