由非语气词与语气词声调的共时对立看语气词的历时来源

On the Diachronic Origin of Modal Particles Based on the Synchronic Contrast of the Tones of Modal Particles and Other Words

本文首先讨论非语气词和语气词声调存在的五个方面的对立。(一)前者在句法、命题层面区别词语的概念、情态或语法义,后者在话语层面区别言者对命题以及对听者的语气。(二)前者与调系繁简共进退,后者少或不依赖调系而另有专用调。(三)前者偶在句末与调尾构成物理同质、层次和功能各异的"跨层截搭调",分别表示词义和语气;后者必然在句末与调尾构成物理同质、层次和功能相同的"同层叠加调",一起表示句子的语气。(四)前者属于音系字的超音段成分,其变异是规则性的并受音节内部语素制约;后者属于非音系字的超音段成分,其变异是非规则性的并受制于自身声调轻重和调尾之间的彼此同化。(五)前者与其功能是任意性关系,后者与其功能是象似性关系。而后,由以上五点共时对立出发,进一步假设语气词的音段成分主要来自句末语素的音段成分,声调来自句末语素固有声调和调尾以及调系轻声的彼此互动。语气词特别是其声调来源的假设,有助于认识语气词功能的复杂性及其与语调功能之间的联系与分工。

This paper discusses about the 5 contrasts of tones of modal particles and other words.I.Tones of other words can distinguish the concepts,modalities and grammatical meanings on syntax and propositional level,while tones of modal particles can distinguish the manner of the speaker to the topic and listener in discourse.II.Tones of other words corresponds to the tone system while tones of modal particles get their own tone outside the system.III.Tones of other words sometimes may constitute a tone which is different in levels and functions with the tail of a tone at the end of a sentence,indicating meaning and mood,while tones of modal particles will definitely constitute a tone which is the same in levels and functions with the tail of a tone at the end of a sentence,indicating the mood together.IV.Tones of other words are suprasegmental components of characters in the phonetic system,whose variation is regular and restricted by the internal morphemes of syllables.Tones of modal particle are suprasegmental components of characters out of the phonetic system,whose variation is irregular and restricted by mutual assimilations of the tone itself and the tail of the tone.V.The relation between tones of other words and their functions is arbitrary while the relation between tones of modal particle and their functions is iconicity.Based on the 5 contrasts above,this paper assumes that segment component of modal particle mainly comes from that of the morpheme at the end of a sentence,and the tone comes from the mutual assimilations of the inherent tone of morpheme at the end of a sentence,the tail of a tone and the light tone in a tone system.Such hypothesis is helpful for understanding the complexity of the functions of modal particles,and also its relation and function division with intonation functions.