中国工业加速创新的新机制——基于人力资本分工和协同的研究视角

New Mechanism to Accelerate the Innovation of Chinese Industry——Based on Perspective of Division and Coordination of Human Capital

随着政府对国有企业的产权结构和激励约束机制改革的深入推进以及信息技术、大数据等新技术的广泛应用,企业组织形态及结构发生深刻变革,这必将对人力资本的配置及其创新模式产生深远影响,进而影响不同类型的人力资本及其协同作用的创新效应。本文按照人力资本在产业创新和经济增长中发挥的功能及其对应的社会分工角色的不同,在工业分行业层面上将人力资本划分为一般人力资本、专业人力资本、企业家人力资本。本文探索出一条在市场均衡下由企业家人力资本、专业人力资本和一般人力资本组成"三位一体"的推动中国工业加速创新的新机制。本文将三类人力资本及其协同作用纳入生产率决定方程,并使用中国工业2000—2016年35个分行业的面板数据进行实证检验。为了克服考察期间工业统计口径的变化可能导致的偏差,本文尝试性地将相关变量按照相关指标统一调整到全部工业口径。实证检验发现:(1)一般人力资本、专业人力资本、企业家人力资本均能够显著提高中国工业的全要素生产率;(2)三类人力资本的协同对提高中国工业的全要素生产率均具有显著的正效应;(3)进一步检验发现,三类人力资本及其协同作用对中国工业全要素生产率增长的影响具有明显的行业异质性。在国有产权比重较高的细分行业,一般人力资本、专业人力资本的生产率提升效应均较大。企业家人力资本则显著促进了国有产权比重较高的细分行业的TFP增长,同时显著抑制了国有产权比重较低的细分行业的TFP增长。三类人力资本只对国有产权比重较低的细分行业的TFP增长具有显著协同作用。在平均企业规模较大的细分行业,一般人力资本、专业人力资本对TFP增长的促进效应均更大。企业家人力资本只对平均企业规模较大的细分行业的TFP增长具有显著的正效应。在平均企业规模较小的细分行业,一般人力资本和专业人力资本、专业人力资本和企业家人力资本均对TFP增长均具有更大的协同效应。企业家人力资本与一般人力资本的协同作用只显著促进了平均企业规模较大的细分行业的TFP增长。

As the further advances in the governments’reforms of the ownership structure,and the mechanisms of incentives and constraints,of state-owned enterprises,and information technology and big data are applied prevalently,and great progresses are made in reforms of state-owned enterprises,the organizational forms of enterprises and structures have changed deeply,which must exert profound impact on the allocation and innovation pattern of human capital,and influence the innovation effect of different types of human capital and synergy among them.According to the functions human capital exerts and its corresponding roles in the process of industrial innovation and economic growth,the paper divides human capital into ordinary human capital,professional human capital and entrepreneurial human capital at the level of industrial sub-sectors.The paper finds out the new mechanism of trinity composed of ordinary human capital,professional human capital and entrepreneurial human capital,which is able to accelerate the innovation of Chinese industry in the context of market equilibrium.The paper incorporates three types of human capital and the mutual interactions among them into the equation of productivity determination and uses the panel data of 35 sub-sectors of Chinese industry between 2000 and 2016 to conduct the empirical tests.To overcome the probable deviation caused by the changes in the statistic caliber during the period,according to two indicators,the paper tries to adjust variables used in this paper,to calibre of the all industrial enterprises,and incorporates three types of human capital and the mutual interactions among them into the equation of productivity determination.The empirical tests show that:(1)The ordinary human capital,professional human capital and entrepreneurial human capital are all able to enhance the total factor productivity significantly;(2)the mutual interactions among three types of human capital improve the productivity of Chinese industry significantly;(3)The further tests shows that the obvious heterogeneity exists at the effects of three types of human capital and interaction among them on the growth of the total factor productivity of Chinese industry.In those sub-sectors with the higher proportion of state-owned property,both the productivity promotion effect of ordinary human capital and professional human capital are bigger.Entrepreneurial human capital has promoted the growth of TFP in those sub-sectors with the higher proportion of state-owned property and and has inhibited the growth of TFP in those sub-sectors with the lower proportion of state-owned property significantly at the same time.The interaction among three types of human capital has the significant effect on the growth of TFP in those sub-sectors with the lower proportion of state-owned property merely.In those sub-sectors with bigger scale,both of the promotion effect of ordinary human capital and professional human capital are stronger.Entrepreneurial human capital only has the significant and positive effect on the growth of TFP in those sub-sectors with bigger scale.In those sub-sectors with bigger scale,both of the interaction between ordinary human capital and professional human capital,professional human capital and entrepreneurial human capital on the growth of TFP are bigger.The interaction between entrepreneurial human capital and ordinary human capital advances the growth of TFP in those sub-sectors with bigger scale simply.