数据人民性的政法解读——以数据权属争议为切入点

数据是数字时代重要的财富类型。通常认为,只有界权清晰的数据才能产生经济效益。在当前关于数据权属的理论与实践中,企业是最活跃的主体,企业间关于数据权属的争议丰富了数据流通性理论;同时,政府占有最大量的数据。其实,人民才是海量数据的所有者。现有理论要么从保护个人隐私的角度,要么从保护个人数据权利的角度论证个人数据权利,但前者只能针对国家或类似公共权力主体,后者则受困于个人技术和能力上的不足而难以落到实处。为了更好理解数据权属,需要从理论上重塑数据的人民性。从制度层面来说,需要为人民掌握数据提供制度依据和技术可能。从个人的数据权利到数据的人民性,既暗含着从个人主义进路到社会主义进路的转变,也是在教义法学和社科法学之外,以政法研究进路研究数字法学的一种尝试。

Data is an important type of wealth in the digital era.It is commonly believed that only data with clear ownership can generate economic benefits.In current theories and practices concerning data ownership,companies are the most active participants,and disputes over data ownership between companies have enriched the scholar discussions of data circulation.Meanwhile,the government possesses the largest amount of data.However,it is the people who are the true owners of vast amounts of data.Existing theories either argue for individual data rights from the perspective of privacy protection or from the standpoint of safeguarding personal data rights.However,the former is limited to state or other public authorities,while the latter is hindered by individuals'technical and capacity limitations,therefore the implementation of them is difficult.For a better understanding of data ownership,it is necessary to theoretically reconstruct the concept of people-oriented data.On an institutional level,there is a need to provide a legal and technical basis for the people to control data.The shift from individual data rights to people-oriented data implies a transition from an individualistic approach to a socialist approach,and it also represents an attempt to study digital jurisprudence through political-legal perspective,transcending beyond traditional doctrinal or socio-legal studies.