紧急状态的概念流变与运作机理

“紧急状态”概念经历了一个从例外状态到法律状态再到法治状态的演进过程,从中折射出人们对其和法律之关系认知的不断深化。为更加精准、有效地发挥紧急状态制度的效能,近代以来,“紧急状态”概念在横向和纵向两个层面出现分野。不同的紧急状态类型,其应对策略和措施均有所差异。现代意义上的“紧急状态”概念已经形成特定的规范意旨,其紧急形势位于战争状态和应急状态之间,并可由自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生事件、社会安全事件等多种紧急事项所触发。在此框架下,紧急状态呈现出其特有的运作机理,一般涉及一国的宪法秩序,既需要在权力行使的主体、范围、程序等规则上进行“改造升级”,也必须恪守权力限制、人权保障、正当程序等基本法治精神和原则。

The emergency state has experienced an evolution from the exceptional state to the legal state and then to the state of rule of law,which reflects the deepening of people’s understanding of its relationship with the law.To exert the effectiveness of the emergency system more accurately and effectively,the concept of“the emergency state”has been divided in horizontal and vertical levels since modern times.Different types of the emergency state have different coping strategies and measures.The concept of“the emergency state”in the modern sense has formed a specific normative intention.It lies between the state of war and the state of contingency,and can be triggered by natural and accident disasters,public health events,social security events and other emergent matters.Under this framework,the emergency state presents its unique operational mechanism,which generally involves the constitutional order of a country,and requires not only a“transformation and upgrading”of the subject,scope,procedure of the exercise of power,but also adherence to the basic spirit and principles of the rule of law,such as the limitation of power,human rights protection,and due process.