法实证研究中的“理论”问题

The “Theory”in Empirical Study of Law

法的实际样态是法的观念价值、制度规范以及各种社会要素互动的结果,必然内含主观与客观、事实与价值(规范)、一般与个别等紧张关系。法实证研究无法采用自然科学的认知模式,研究者需要也必然会通过实质命题和方法问题、观察与理解等交织而成的“分析框架”来发现和整合各种要素,关联起而非跨越各种紧张关系。这种分析框架承担着提供整体认知框架、扮演因果分析中介、搭建试错发展纽带等“理论”使命,具有整合性、受限性、分析性和暂时性等特点。因此,法实证研究提供的是一种具有整合性的可证伪的理解,这或许是接近法的实际样态的必由之路,亦是法实证研究对“科学”的真正且能被实现的承诺。将分析框架作为法实证研究中的“理论”并对其作用、含义及获得作全面分析,可回应此类研究面临的诸多内部争议和外部批评,说明法实证研究的一般性质及其在法学体系中的地位、贡献和其采用的方式。

The actual situation of law is the result of the interaction of its value,norm and various social structural factors,which contains some tensions such as between de facto and de jure,norms and facts,universality and individuality,subjectivity and objectivity,etc.The empirical study of law cannot adopt the cognitive model of natural science.Researchers will inevitably find and integrate various elements through the“analytical framework”intertwined with substantive propositions and methodological issues,observation and understanding,so as to connect rather than cross various tensions.The analytical framework undertakes the mission of providing the overall cognitive framework,media of causal analysis,and trial-and-error mechanism,and has some features such as integration,data-binding,analyticity,and temporality.The empirical study of law provides an integrated and falsifiable understanding which may be the only way to access the actual situation of law as well as its real and achievable commitment to“science”.To reveal the general nature of the empirical study of law and respond to the increased internal disputes and external criticism,taking analytical framework as the“theory”of empirical study is necessary,and a comprehensive discussing on its meaning,function and acquisition process is needed.