从新出土秦汉简牍文献看“稷”的所指及其历时演变

Reference of “Ji” and Its Historical Evolution from the Newly Unearthed Documents in Qin and Han Dynasties

关于“稷”的所指,学界有粟、穄、高粱三说鼎立。随着考古学的发展,学界研究成果丰硕,但因文献不足而难以定论,权威辞书多不加分辨而诸说兼收。新出土的大量秦汉简牍文献为该问题的解决提供了崭新语料,其中所见诸多粮食作物复杂的加工制度、《日书》宜忌及其异文、士卒廪食制度、相关语词组合等,为稷的所指是粟之说提供了充足的文献证据。同时,基于出土文献和传世文献互证,可以进一步厘清殷商以来表示“粟(谷子)”的语词“禾”“稷”“粟”“谷”等词汇兴替的历程及其动因,明确系列语词在不同历史阶段的具体所指,亦可据此补充订正权威辞书、经典文献及新出土文献的诸多训释。

In academic circles,“ji”used to refer to millet,ji and sorghum.Although the results of the development of archeology were plentiful,a decision on the definition of ji could not be reached from the present documents,and mostly,authoritative dictionaries and books could not make any distinction and thus,they accepted all the definitions.A large amount of the newly unearthed bamboo slips of Qin and Han dynasties have provided complete new materials for the solution of the problem.Among them,lots of complicated grain and food processing systems,advice for appropriate activities and taboos in Daybook,grain and food systems for soldiers,related word groups and others can provide sufficient documentary evidence to prove that ji refers to millet.Besides,the mutual confirmation of the unearthed documents and inherited documents further clarifies the process and causes of the rise and substitution of the words he,ji,su,gu and other words that mean su since Ying and Shang dynasties,and makes clear the specific reference of the series of words in different historical stages.Therefore,based on this,lots of annotations can be supplemented to and corrections be made in authoritative dictionaries and books,classic documents and newly unearthed documents.