现行宪法中“专政”概念的规范分析

Normative Analysis of the Term “Dictatorship”in the Current Constitution of China

中文里"专政"一词具有多义性。我国《宪法》国体条款中的"专政"不具有西方古典专政概念中不受法律限制的内涵,也不等同于日常用语中意指打击镇压行为的"专政",它主要是指政权的排他性占有,用于确定主权的归属,同时宣明政权的限定性。"五四宪法"的规范体系并未完全排斥法治。而现行《宪法》中法治主义的存立,与国体条款中的专政概念形成良性互动,缓和了专政概念中的限定性要素,并确立了包括国家"专政"职能在内的一切国家活动均须受法律约束的原则。宪法中专政概念与法治之间的紧张关系事实上完全可以通过法教义学的解释予以消解。强调两者之间的对立性,要求取消专政概念以促进法治,并非必要。

The term"zhuanzheng"or"dictatorship"in Chinese language is polysemy.In the form of state provisions of China’s constitution,the tenn"dictatorship"does not similar to the connotation of western classical dictatorship that is"state power free from any legal restrictions",nor is it equivalent to the phrase"zhuanzheng"in Chinese language that refers to political repression.It mainly refers to the exclusive possession of the regime,and is used for determine the ownership of sovereignty and limit the range of the regime’s possessors.The1954 Constitution does not completely exclude the principle of rule of law,and the current Constitution has already established the principle that all state activities,including the state function of"zhuanzheng",must be subject to law.The principle of rule of law in the Constitution has positive interaction with the concept of dictatorship,and alleviates the limitation element in the term"dictatorship".The tension between rule of law and"dictatorship"can be resolved through interpretation of the Constitution with legal dogma.It is not necessary to emphasize the opposition between the two or try to promote the rule of law by abolishing the term"dictatorship"in the Constitution.