为人母难:现代化进程中农村年轻女性的母职实践、困境与调适

Difficult to be a Good Mother:Women’s Maternal Practice,Dilemma and Adjustment in the Process of Modernization

作为近年来的热点议题,母职研究将视线转向较少被关注的普通农村劳动家庭。基于对下一代照料与教养的重视,选择回归家庭当个好妈妈的农村年轻女性增多。研究发现,农村年轻女性形成“拟中产化”的母职实践,体现在养育物质投入增加、情感陪伴增多与教养方式转变上。农村年轻女性母职认同的形塑逻辑在于:现代中产的科学育儿理念借助信息网络媒介的渗入,加上孩子中心主义的养育伦理、就业市场中的文凭竞争与熟人社会中的面子比较等因素的共同作用。然而,由于农村劳动家庭面临家庭资本与结构的多重劣势,年轻女性在母职认同与实践上存在张力,导致陷入个体依附性增强、自我实现受阻和家庭关系紧张等母职风险。对此,农村年轻女性通过参与非正式就业机会、建构朋友圈和推动男性参与等策略来应对,从而实现对个体自我与家庭整体利益得以兼顾的母职调适与再造。

As a hot topic in recent years,the research on motherhood is different from the existing research focusing on urban middle class families.This paper turns its attention to ordinary rural working families,which are less concerned.More and more young women in rural areas choose to return to their families to be good mothers due to the importance they attach to the care and upbringing of the next generation.The results show that young women in rural areas have formed the practice of quasi-gentrification of motherhood,which is reflected in the increase of parenting investment,emotional companionship and the change of parenting style.The formation logic of rural young women’s maternal identity lies in the joint action of the scientific parenting concept of modern middle class with the help of information network media,child-centered parenting ethics,diploma competition in the job market and face-saving comparison in the acquaintance society.However,as rural working families face multiple disadvantages of family capital and structure,there is tension between young women’s identity and practice of motherhood,which leads to the risks of increasing individual dependence,obstructing self-realization and tension in family relations.In this regard,young women in rural areas cope with the situation by taking part in informal employment opportunities,building a circle of friends and promoting male participation,so as to realize the adjustment and reconstruction of motherhood,which can take into account both individual self and family interests.