论“善意执行”的内涵——以应对新冠疫情为切入点

Study on the Idea of ‘Enforcement in Good Faith’:Start from the Enforcement Measures as Response to the Outbreak of Coronavirus Epidemic

"善意执行"是在"用两到三年基本解决执行难"阶段性目标实现之后才被提倡的理念。新冠肺炎疫情加速了"善意执行"在实务中的适用,但法院未加反思消化即适用,难免产生偏颇。"善意执行"并不仅限在特殊时期才能适用。为此应从"一个重心"、"一项核心原则"和"一种利益平衡方法"及其相互关系来把握"善意执行"的内涵。"一个重心"指执行以强制性和效率效果为重心。"一项核心原则"指执行比例原则,包括妥当性、必要性和均衡性三个子原则。其中妥当性原则与"一个重心"相衔;必要性和均衡性原则与利益平衡方法相通。"一种利益平衡方法"包括宏观和微观两层平衡机制,前者以严禁超标的查封为例,是对在实务中未周全保护被执行人利益现象的纠偏;后者以疫情复工复产典型案例为例,旨在衡量执行效果时,打破个案的边界,追求社会整体效益最大化。

The idea‘enforcement in good faith’was first advocated after the temporary goal‘basically resolving the problem of enforcement difficulties in two or three years’had been achieved.The coronavirus epidemic suddenly broke out at the beginning of2020 and has unexpectedly sped up the application of‘enforcement in good faith’in practice.However,the courts applied the idea without sufficient reflection and digestion,resulting in certain misunderstandings.The application of‘enforcement in good faith’is definitely not limited to exceptional times.For the purpose of it’s correct application under regular circumstances,this paper proposes that we should comprehend elements of the idea‘enforcement in good faith’as well as the interrelationship of these elements.Analytically,the concept‘enforcement in good faith’includes three elements which are‘one focus’,‘one core principle’and‘one method to balance interests’.The‘one focus’is on compulsion and efficiency during the process of civil enforcement;the‘core principle’is that of the principle of proportionality,which includes three sub-principles:the principles of necessity,suitability,and balancing.The principle of necessity follows the‘one focus’;the principles of suitability and the principle of balancing work in the same way as the‘method to balance interests’.The‘one method to balance interests’includes both micro and macro mechanisms.Micro mechanisms—exemplified by strict prohibition of obviously excessive attachment of properties—fix the problem in practice of not thoroughly protecting the interest of the person subject to enforcement;macro mechanisms—exemplified by typical cases of resuming work and production during the coronavirus emergency,when measuring the effects of enforcement,but beyond the visual limit of single case and aims to maximize the overall social benefits.