中国直接投资与埃塞俄比亚国家能力建设

China’s Direct Investment and the State Capacity Building in Ethiopia

对外直接投资作为一项跨国经济活动会对东道国的国内政治产生广泛影响。现代化理论与依附理论围绕外国直接投资对发展中世界的政治经济效应展开了长期争论,中国对外直接投资的迅速增加并未消弭不同理论间的分歧。聚焦中国直接投资对埃塞俄比亚国家能力建设的影响,本文概括了中国投资者相较于传统七国集团投资者的三大特质,分别是较长的时间范围、较高的风险容忍度以及较紧密的投资者—东道国政府关系,并基于上述特质发掘了中国投资者在埃塞俄比亚国家能力建设过程中的积极作用。从秩序提供能力来看,由中国投资者建设的基础设施有助于埃塞俄比亚中央政府加强对边远地区的有效控制,从而降低国内武装冲突的烈度。从资源汲取能力来看,中国投资者所采取的工业园模式有效增加了埃塞俄比亚政府的税费收入,并且优化了其税收结构。从社会保护能力来看,中国在埃塞俄比亚当地的制造业和基础设施投资创造了大量当地就业并带来了人力资本外溢,同时为政府促进公共教育发展提供了动力。埃塞俄比亚国内的中国直接投资同时也是多项中国倡议和政策的生动反映,体现了中国对发展中国家和低收入国家提高税收征管能力的帮助以及对非洲国家加强能力建设、提升治理水平的支持。

As a transnational economic activity,the outward direct investment can have a broad impact on the domestic politics of host countries.The rapid increase in Chinese ODI has not erased the long-standing debates between modernization and dependency theories concerning the political and economic effects of foreign direct investment on the developing world.Focusing on the impact of Chinese ODI on state capacity building in Ethiopia,the paper outlines three characteristics of Chinese investors,compared to traditional G7 investors:longer time horizons,higher risk tolerance and closer investor-host government relationships.Based on these attributes,the positive role of Chinese investors in Ethiopia’s state capacity building process is explored.In terms of order-providing capacity,infrastructure built by Chinese investors helps the Ethiopian central government to enhance effective control over remote territory,thereby reducing the intensity of the internal armed conflict.In terms of resource-extraction capacity,the industry zone model adopted by Chinese investors has effectively increased the tax revenue of the Ethiopian government and optimized its tax structure.In terms of social-protection capacity,Chinese investment in Ethiopia’s manufacturing and infrastructure has created significant local employment and human capital spillovers,and has provided incentives for the government to promote public education.Chinese investors in Ethiopia are also a reflection of several Chinese initiatives and policies,reflecting China’s assistance to developing and low-income countries in improving their tax collection capacity and its support to African countries in strengthening capacity building and improving governance.