后民权时代美国种族主义思潮嬗变:路径、逻辑与成因

The Evolution of American Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era

20世纪60年代的民权运动是美国种族政治和种族主义思潮的分水岭,此后美国种族主义思潮历经"白人对抗""白人性""无视肤色""后种族主义"等形式流变。这些种族主义意识形态整体上服务于美国白人社会中对种族议题的规避,具有相互关联的内在逻辑,其形态变幻的直接目的是抵制和取消民权运动争取而来的对少数族裔种族平等权利的政策支持,以维系白人社会规范的主导性及其历史遗留下的种族优势和特权;其历史和现实因素主要是美国旧有的白人种族主义思想从未被根除、美国的政客以党派利益为先、白人群体中种族偏见的代际相传以及美国少数族裔群体内部或族际间的利益分化。而当代美国种族主义难以根除的逻辑根源在于美国白人对他者威胁的本质主义想象以及基于此对自身利益的工具性考量。

The civil rights movement in the United States was a watershed for American racial politics and the evolvement of American racism.Since its decline,American racism has experienced mainstream ideologies such as white backlash,whiteness,colorblindness,and post-racism.These implicit racist ideologies as a whole serve the pervasive retreat from race in white American society and have interrelated internal logic.The direct purpose of the changes is to resist and cancel the policy support for the equal rights of ethnic minorities that the civil rights movement strives for,so as to maintain the dominance of white social norms and the legacy of racial advantages and privileges inherited from the racist history.The historical and practical factors are mainly the old white racist thoughts in American history that have never been eradicated,American politicians’preference for partisan interests,the intergenerational transmission of racial prejudice among white groups,and American minorities’differentiation of interests within or between ethnic groups.The logical root of contemporary American racism being hard to eradicate still lies in the essentialist imagination of white Americans being threatened by others,and this instrumental consideration of self-interest based on the essentialism.