营商制度环境与民营经济发展——基于营商文化“基因”的历史考察与实证

Business System Environment and Private Economic Development

营商制度环境作为民营经济发展的重要影响因素,离不开营商文化"基因"的历史传承,明清商帮精神的历史传承和开埠通商所带来的外部冲击,是城市营商文化"基因"的重要组成部分。实证研究基于281个地市级以上城市的民营企业发展数据和世界银行的微观企业调查数据,检验了营商制度环境的历史传承及其对民营经济发展规模和质量的影响,结果表明,城市营商制度环境受到开埠通商、明清商帮等历史因素的显著影响;营商制度环境对城市的人均私营和个体企业数量、人均民营上市公司数量、人均民营新三板公司数量等指标均具有显著的正向影响,说明不同发展规模的民营企业均受到营商制度环境的显著影响。同时,营商制度环境也显著影响了各地民营企业创新能力(专利密度)、经营活力(产能利用率)等发展质量指标。增加控制变量或更换变量指标数据,实证结论都十分稳健。文章基于营商文化传承和营商制度变迁,为营商环境研究提供了历史视角,并基于历史工具变量使用IV估计为营商制度环境对民营企业发展的影响提供了更有力的实证证据。研究结论为推动新时代的营商环境改革及推动民营经济高质量发展提供了政策启示。

The business environment includes not only the business system environment such as property rights,taxation,commercial affairs,the rule of law,and administrative intervention,but also the business infrastructure environment such as hydropower,transportation,and the business element environment such as labor and capital availability.Unlike the"hard environment"for business such as infrastructure and element,the business system environment is a"soft constraint"that affects the development of the private economy.As an important factor in the development of the private economy,the urban business system environment is inseparable from the historical inheritance of the"gene"of business culture.The historical inheritance of the spirit of the merchants in M ing and Qing dynasties and the external impact brought by the opening of ports and commerce are an important part of the"gene"of business culture for urbans.The empirical research is based on the development data of private enterprises in 281 cities and the World Bank’s micro-enterprise survey data,this paper examines the historical inheritance of the business system environment and its impact on the scale and quality of the development of the private economy.The business system environment was significantly affected by historical factors such as the opening of ports for trading,the merchants in M ing and Qing dynasties.The business system environment has an impact on the number of private and individual corporate legal persons per capita,the number of private listed companies per capita,and the number of private"New Third Board"companies per capita.The significant positive impact indicates that private enterprises of different development scales are all significantly affected by the business system environment.At the same time,the business system environment has also significantly affected quality indicators of local private enterprises such as the innovation capability(patent density)and operating vitality(capacity utilization rate).Adding control variables or replacing variable index data,the empirical conclusions are very robust.The paper has carried out the expansion in the following two aspects:Firstly,it elaborates and examines the influence of historical business culture"genes"such as the M ing and Qing merchants,opening ports and trading on the urban business system environment,based on the inheritance of business culture and the changes of business institution,this paper provides a historical perspective for understanding the differences in the urban business system environment and promoting the reform of the business system.Secondly,through using appropriate historical instrumental variables for IV estimation,this paper alleviates the endogenous problems that exist in the existing literature to a certain extent,and better identifies the impact of the business system environment on the development of the private economy.The research conclusions provide policy inspiration for promoting the reform of the optimized business system environment in the newera and promoting the high-quality development of the private economy.