恐惧景观地旅游中的主客凝视行为研究——以北京朝内81号为例

Host and Guest Gaze in a Landscape of Fear:A Case Study of Chaonei No.81 in Beijing,China

近年来,恐惧景观地旅游(黑色旅游)已成为一种重要的旅游形式,受到学术界的广泛关注,但是关于其主客关系的研究甚少。文章以北京市著名的恐怖传闻地"朝内大街81号"为例,运用非参与式观察、参与式观察和深度访谈法,离析了恐惧景观地旅游中游客和东道主群体的凝视行为及其对主客关系的影响。研究发现:(1)游客对恐惧景观地的"人"和"物"进行媒体化凝视,同时游客作为权力关系中的强势一方,对目的地进行权力施加和社会性建构;(2)游客的不断涌入,使当地进入了一个负面意义生产的旅游化过程,原先仅作为东道主日常生活世界组成部分的普通物象,被赋予了诸多负面意义;(3)东道主和游客对"物"凝视的差异在一定程度上引发了主客矛盾,同时,由于游客的不当行为和两者缺乏有效沟通最终导致主客矛盾激化,难以调和化解。未来有必要建立合理的目的地管理体系,规范游客行为,构建和谐主客关系。

In recent years,dark tourism,as an important form of the general leisure tourism spectrum,has received extensive attention from tourism academics as well as industry.Ghost tours are an essential type of dark tourism,and they satisfy people’s psychological demands of"seeking stimuli"and"escaping from daily life,"becoming a valuable way for people to release mental stress and reflect on themselves.However,after reviewing the existing research,it can be seen that few people have studied ghost tours.Taking Chaonei No.81 in Beijing as an example,this research uses nonparticipatory observation,participatory observation,and interviews to analyze the gaze and cognitive behavior of guests and hosts.It aims to promote theoretical research on dark tourism and provide a reference for destination management.From November 2015 to January 2016,the investigators visited the case site six times to conduct a field survey.In the course of the investigation,we first examined the site’s surrounding environment and construction facilities and observed the behavior of local residents and tourists.Subsequently,we participated in the tour as"visitors"and entered the site to observe the behavior of the tourists closely,focusing on their mood and behavior changes.A semi-structured interview method was simultaneously administered to 21 tourists,16 local residents,and one manager in the field.Based on the analysis,we drew the following conclusions:(1)Through mediatized gazes,tourists affixed a variety of negative emotional labels to the buildings and plants of Chaonei No.81.A power relationship was exerted as a part of this process.In addition,in the unique"landscape of fear",the study found the phenomenon known as"stranger on the train",which refers to tourists regarding other tourists as"strangers"and deeply believing that they are trustworthy and that it is possible to exchange ideas and emotions with them.(2)The continuous influx of tourists brought the local area into a process of tourismification,and the region took on negative meanings.Under the host’s gaze,the"ordinary things"that had originally only been part of the"world of daily life"became infused with some negative meanings;at the same time,directly or indirectly,the hosts saw the tourists as"intruders."(3)The difference between the hosts’and the tourists’gazes on items caused contradictions to a certain extent.Furthermore,due to the improper behavior of tourists and the lack of communication between the two parties,the conflict between the hosts and the tourists has intensified,and issues have become difficult to reconcile and resolve.In the future,it will be necessary to establish a reasonable destination management system that can regulate the behavior of tourists and to build a harmonious relationship between guests and hosts.