新时代中国集体林改及其相关环境因素动态分析

Dynamic Analysis on Collective Forest Reform and Related Environmental Factors in China in the New Era

集体林在维护生态安全和改善农户生计中发挥着重要作用,新时代中国集体林改有别于国际上林地权属转型,集体林权是在集体所有框架下进行,确权和增强产权束的权能成为新时代集体林改的新方向。已有研究在集体林改的相关因素对集体林改绩效的影响方面关注不足,文章试图弥补这方面学术研究的空白。认为相关环境因素动态变化改变了集体林经营主体的经营成本和收益,为集体林改提供了潜在动力,政府是集体林改的介入者,决定潜力收益能否成为现实。文章在构建了理论框架的基础上,一方面分析了劳动力和土地等生产要素价格上涨和木材价格上涨空间有限,农户投资倾向不高,对集体林依赖程度下降,加之农户自身社会保障能力不足,故有可能促进集体林权流转;另一方面分析了政府扶持和减税空间有限,生态公益林政策调整频繁和补贴标准不高侵蚀了集体林经营主体的发展权,木材加工、木材采伐限额、林区基础设施薄弱、森林保险赔付率低和林权抵押融资难、融资贵等直接影响到集体林经营主体的经营林业的收益。为了破解集体森林资源可持续经营的难题,在新时代,各级政府出台新的政策措施,并进行试验性实践活动,取得了一定进展。研究认为,经营权证是实行集体林"三权"分置的重要条件,应有所突破。集体林改与相关环境因素需要匹配协调,以取得制度支撑的耦合效应。

Collective forest plays an important role in maintaining ecological security and improving farmers’livelihood,Different from the transformation of the property right of forestland in other countries,the property right of collective forestland in China in the new era is carried out under the framework of collective ownership.Now,it is a new direction of collective forest reform to confirm the right and strengthen the power of property right bundle.The existing research has paid little attention to the impact of related factors on the performance of collective forest reform,this paper attempts to bridge the gap in the academic research in this area.The costs and benefits of collective forest operators had been affected by the dynamic change of related environmental factors,which provides potential power for collective forest ownership reform,and the government is the intervener of this reform to decide whether the potential income can be realized-On the basis of the theoretical framework,this paper analyzes that there is limited space for the price of factors of production and wood to rise;It is possible to promote the transfer of collective forest rights due to the low willingness of farmers to invest and the decline of their dependence on collective forest and social security ability.Under the background of limited space for government support and tax reduction,frequent adjustment of ecology-oriented forest policy and low subsidy standard erode the development right of collective forest operators.In addition,changes in timber processing policy,introduction of timber cutting quota system,weak forest infrastructure,low compensation rate of forest insurance and high financing cost of forest right mortgage have a direct impact on the income of collective forest operators.In order to solve the problem of sustainable management of collective forest resources,governments at all levels have introduced new policies and measures,and carried out pilot activities,and made some progress in the new era The operating warrant is an important condition for separating collective forestland ownership rights,contract rights and management rights,which has been broken through.Collective forest reform and related environmental factors need to be coordinated to achieve the coupling effect of the institution.