论康德的广义人性概念及其意义——以反驳“科思嘉式的标准解读”为契机

On Kant's Concept of Humanity in Broad Sense:Taking the Refutation of“Standard Interpretation of Korsgaard”as an Opportunity

康德的狭义人性概念指人格中的人性,科思嘉将它理解为设定任意目的的能力,该解读因其影响广泛而成为一种标准解读。但人格中的人性属于本体世界,设定任意目的的能力属于现象世界,科思嘉混淆了两者。以解决这种混淆为契机,我们可以发掘出一种广义的康德人性概念,它不仅包含人格中的人性,还包含设定任意目的的能力和共通感等自然禀赋。这些禀赋按目的论原则构成人的有机体,使人区别于动物。这种广义人性概念主要出现在康德的历史哲学和教育学中,它的意义在于为我们提供了培养自然禀赋和实现人性的价值的现实途径。

Kant's concept of the humanity in narrow sense refers to the humanity in the person.Korsgaard understands this kind of humanity as the capacity for setting any end.Because of its popularity this understanding has become a standard interpretation.However,Korsgaard confuses Kant's concept of the humanity in the person with the capacity for setting any end,which are separately located in the noumenal world and the phenomenal world.Nonetheless,taking this refutation as an opportunity,we can find Kant's concept of humanity in broad sense,which includes not only humanity in the person but also the capacity for setting any end,and the common sense.These natural predispositions constitute the organism of human being according to the teleological principle and distinguish the human from animal.Kant uses this broad view of humanity in his philosophy of history and pedagogy,aiming at delving into the cultivation of the predispositions of human beings and finding the methods to realizing the value of humanity.