社会运动、委托代理与印度人民党的行动逻辑

Social Movements, Principal-Agent and the Behavioral Logic of Bharatiya Janata Party

社会运动产生政党是常见的经验现象,源自社会运动的运动型政党面临着保持运动型政党特征还是向传统政党转型的两难困境。印度人民党产生于印度教民族主义运动,是印度国民志愿服务团的政治分支组织。国民志愿服务团与印度人民党形成了一种社会运动与政党之间的委托代理关系,通过惩罚和激励机制影响印度人民党的行动逻辑。当印度人民党偏离国民志愿服务团的意识形态和政策立场时,后者就启动惩罚机制,印度人民党将被迫修正行动路线进行妥协。当印度人民党回归国民志愿服务团的意识形态和政策立场时,后者就启动激励机制,印度人民党将主动强化行动路线进行反馈。因此,与其他运动型政党不同,印度人民党在向传统政党转型的过程中仍然保持了运动型政党的部分特征,并没有完全走向温和化。

It is common for political parties to grow out of social movements,and movement-based political parties inevitably face tensions around whether to maintain the characteristics of the social movement or to evolve into a more traditional type of political party.Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)formed out of the Hindu nationalist movement as a political wing of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh(RSS).The RSS and the BJP established a form of principal-agent relationship,with the RSS using both punishments and incentives to influence the behavioral logic of the BJP.In instances where the BJP wandered from the ideological stance and policies of the RSS,the latter would impose punishments on the former,forcing the BJP to realign its position.In instances where the BJP fell in line with the RSS,the latter would provide it with incentives,thereby reinforcing the BJP’s position.As such,distinct from other movement-based political parties,as the BJP made progress towards emerging as a traditional political party,it maintained the characteristics of a social movement,never really moderating its behavior.