“禁樵采”——中国古代对名人墓葬的保护

Prohibition of Qiaocai——Traditional Chinese Conservation Measures of Celebrities'Tombs

古墓葬是一类重要的文化遗产,属于不可移动文物的一类,被《中华人民共和国文物保护法》保护,本文的研究对象名人①墓葬属于古墓葬中的一类。回溯中国古代,名人墓葬也一贯受到统治者和知识阶层的重视,得到了一些实质性的保护,并且有大量相关诗文传世。名人墓葬包含历代帝王、圣贤、忠臣(士大夫)、名士、孝子、烈女等几类人的坟墓。实施保护行为的主体包括帝王、士大夫阶层,甚至民众中也有保护的风气;针对名人墓葬的保护措施主要包含“禁樵采”、设置陵户、修缮或重立祠庙、记录这几项,其中“禁樵采”②应用得最为广泛。本文除了挖掘古人对名人墓葬的保护措施以及实施保护的主体外,更试图对这些保护行为的动因进行分析,以求从一个侧面反映出中国古代的保护观念。

Ancient tombs are an important kind of cultural heritage,belonging to the category of immovable cultural relics,which are protected by the Law of the People's Republic of China on Protection of Cultural Relics.The tombs of the celebrities as the research object belong to the category of ancient tombs.Back to ancient China,celebrities'tombs,as a type of cultural relics,have also received the attention of rulers and intellectuals,and also have received some substantial protection.At the same time,a large number of related poems have been composed and circulated.Celebrities'tombs contain the tombs of emperors,sages,famous scholar-officials,litterateurs,loyal minister and martyrs,flial son and chastity women.Emperors and scholar-officials issue some measures and guide some protection projects;among the people,there is also the germination of protection consciousness.The protection measures mainly include prohibition of qiaocai(wood cutting),tomb guardians,repairing/re-establisbing and recording.Among them,probibition of qiaocai is the most widely used measure.Regarding celebrities'tombs as a kind of cultural relics,in addition to excavating its protective measures,this article tries to analyze the motivation of these protection behaviors in order to reflect some traditional Chinese thoughts of cultural relics.