数据法律冲突中适用国际礼让原则的理论基础、实践应用与中国镜鉴

Theoretical Basis,Practical Application and China's Response of Applying International Comity Principle in Conflict of Data Laws

近年来国家间数据主权倾轧导致数据法律冲突愈演愈烈。由荷兰法学家优利克·胡伯提出、美国法学家柯里完善的“国际礼让原则”经过法院的不断演绎,逐渐细化为以存在真实法律冲突为前提、以衡量各方利益为方法、以主权的自我约束为本质的具体规则。国际礼让原则服务于政治目标的单边主义倾向不言而喻,但是其多元化分析的特点加上对主权权力的克制,在协调国家之间数据法律冲突方面有突出的作用。在数据法律冲突主要存在的数据立法的域外适用、数据执法机构获取域外数据和跨境数据企业在一国执行他国数据相关判决三个情形当中,国际礼让的适用已经体现出了维护本国固有利益、缓和数据主权冲突的正面意义。国际礼让原则虽然不是我国正式的法律渊源,但在我国走向全面开放的历史新格局中,在立法、执法、司法方面适当借鉴国际礼让的适用规则,既符合我国谋求国际合作的一贯立场,也能为我国提升国际话语权、建立负责的大国司法形象提供帮助。

In recent years,clashes over data sovereignty between nations have resulted in an escalation of legal conflicts.The“principle of international comity”first proposed by Dutch jurist Ulicus Huber and later refined by American jurist Curry,has evolved into specific rules that consider the existence of real legal conflicts,measure the interests of all involved parties,and result in self-restraint of sovereignty.While the principle of international comity can serve the unilateralism of political goals,its characteristic of diversified analysis,combined with restraint on sovereign power,plays a significant role in coordinating data legal conflicts between countries.In the three main scenarios where data legislation applies outside the jurisdiction,data enforcement agencies obtain data outside the jurisdiction,and cross-border data companies enforce judgments related to data in one country in another,the application of the principle of international comity has demonstrated its positive significance in maintaining inherent national interests and avoiding conflicts of sovereignty.Although the principle of international comity is not an official legal source in China,it is appropriate to draw upon its application rules in legislation,law enforcement,and judicial aspects as China moves towards a new pattern of comprehensive opening up.This not only aligns with China's consistent stance of promoting international cooperation but also helps China enhance its international discourse power and establish image of a responsible country with great power.