社会法对平等就业权私法救济困境的破解研究

The Study of Social Law to Break the Dilemma of the Private Law’s Remedy Towards Equal Employment Rights

在我国平等就业权受到侵害的救济遵循私法模式,从《民法典》规定的请求权基础上看包括人格权请求权、侵权责任请求权、缔约过失责任请求权和违约责任请求权四种具体路径。然而,从根本和长远来看,私法救济路径未能把握侵害平等就业权的实质是公益和私益侵害的竞合,忽视了平等就业权救济的社会法场域,造成了平等就业权救济的困境。具体表现为私权本位下平等就业权的认定难题,私法请求权路径的结构性问题与救济的法益缺失,过错责任、契约自由与证明责任的失衡,以及民事责任与私法自治的功能局限。平等就业权的社会法救济路径是破解困境的应有之意。理念上,社会法救济坚持社会本位下以注意义务规制用人单位权力,以无过错责任与关系性契约矫正私法救济原则。机制上,立足中国法治资源并吸收域外经验,构建社会法保护与私法救济的融合衔接机制,包括社会法治理机制、特殊侵权责任制度、歧视性雇佣的劳动合同法规制机制、就业歧视的社会法法律责任以及证明责任制度。

The remedy for infringement of equal employment rights in China follows the model of private law,which includes four specific paths:claim for personality rights,claim for tort liability,claim for contractual negligence liability and claim for breach of contract liability from the basis of claims stipulated in the Civil Code.However,from a fundamental and long-term perspective,the private law remedy path fails to grasp the essence of infringement of equal employment rights,which is the competition between public interest and private interest infringement,ignoring the social law field of equal employment rights remedy,resulting in the dilemma of equal employment rights remedy.Specifically,it is embodied in the difficult problem of the difficulties in identifying the right to equal employment under private rights,the structural problems of private law claims and the lack of legal benefits,the imbalance of fault liability,freedom of contract and burden of proof,and the functional limitations of civil liability and private law autonomy.The social law relief path of equal employment right is the proper meaning of solving the dilemma.Conceptually,the social law remedy insists on the regulation of the employer’s power by the duty of care under the social orientation,the correction of the principle of private law remedy by no-fault responsibility and relational contract.In terms of mechanism,based on China’s rule of law resources and absorbing overseas experience,we build a mechanism to integrate social law protection and private law remedy,including social law governance mechanism for equal employment disputes,special tort liability system for equal employment,labor contract law regulation mechanism for discriminatory employment,the effective protection by the social law legal responsibility,and special proof liability system for substantive fairness.