个人的独特性与人的尊严之证成

Justification of Individual Uniqueness and Human Dignity

人的尊严业已被奉为现代法律的伦理总纲,然而,如何证成人的尊严,则有外在因素与内在论据的差异。外在因素主要是指以人的成就、才干、贡献来论证尊严的存在,然而,这一论证模式忽视了尊严的不可替代性和人的内在价值,并将尊严偷换为"被尊严地对待"。与之相较,从内在依据上来论证人的尊严更为可取。在思想史上,人可自由、人能思想、人具理性、人是目的,都从不同角度阐发了人的尊严的固有性、必然性,特别是康德的人是目的的尊严论证,为法律的正当性与现代人权理论奠定了扎实的理论基础。但是,建立在内在依据上的论证更多地还是把人视为同质的个体,并不能为每个人都应享有尊严提供充分的理论根据。任何个人都是具有独特性的生命存在,是不可替代、复制的法律主体,由此出发来论证人的尊严的成立根据,更能揭示人的尊严的普遍性与正当性。

Human dignity has been regarded as the general ethical principle of modern law.There are two theories to justify human dignity,being the thoery of external factors and that of internal argument.The theory of external factors tries to justify human dignity through human achievement,talent and contribution.However,this kind of justification neglects the irreplaceability of human dignity and the intrinsic value of human beings,and transform human dignity into"to be treated with dignity".By contract,the theory of internal argument seems more plausible.In the history of ideas,"man can be free","man can think","man has reason"and"man is the end",all of which elucidates the inherent and inevitable nature of human dignity.Especially Kant’s argument on the dignified justification of"man is the end"has laid a solid theoretical foundation for the legitimacy of law and the theory of modern human rights.However,the theory of internal argument has treated human beings as homogeneous individuals,which can not provide a sufficient theoretical basis for the dignity of every person.Each individual is a unique living thing and an irreplaceable and irreproducible subject of law.To justify the foundation of human dignity based on the aforementioned arguments can better reveal the universality and legitimacy of human dignity.