生态环境损害赔偿司法认定的规则厘定与规范进路——以第24批环境审判指导性案例为样本

On Rules of Judicial Determination of Ecological Environmental Damage Compensation and the Way Forward

损害赔偿额度之确定是环境审判中的瓶颈性难题,赔偿额度确定规则缺位,直接制约着环境审判质效的提高。分析第24批环境审判指导性案例,可厘定出"以鉴定或专家意见为基础+法院适度调整+法院酌定或类比推定"的"三层次规则"。该规则实践运行中,存在司法解释与行政规范性文件脱节导致概念界定混乱、审判权受制于鉴定权导致裁判风险、法院调整系数和履行方式创新缺乏依据,导致公信力不足等问题。其规范进路在于,司法解释与行政规范性文件有效衔接,统一术语界定和赔偿范围;明确法官审查鉴定评估意见的要点,判决书中释明审查意见;明确判决需要考量经济发展,借鉴美国NOAA规则,小额诉讼引入计算机模型计算赔偿额度。

The determination of the amount of compensation for damages is a bottleneck problem in the environmental trial.The absence of the rules for the determination of the amount of damages directly restricts the improvement of the quality and efficiency of the environmental trial.Based on the analysis of the 24 th batch of guiding cases of environmental trial,the three-level rule can be determined.The content of the rule is"based on appraisal or expert opinion+moderate adjustment of court+discretion or analogy presumption of court".In the practice of this rule,there are some problems,such as the confusion of concept definition,caused by the the disconnection between judicial interpretation and administrative provisions,the judgment risk caused by the restriction of judicial power by appraisal power,the lack of credibility caused by the lack of basis for the court’s adjustment coefficient and the innovation of performance mode.Judicial interpretation should be effectively connected with administrative regulations.unify the definition of terms and the scope of compensation,make clear the key points of the judges review about appraisal opinions and the review opinions in the judgment;make clear that the judgment needs to consider the impact on economic development,learn from the NOAA rules of the United States,and introduce a computer model to calculate the amount of compensation in small claims.