明清“典律—例”法律形式和法律体系形成及意义——兼论中华法系后期的特质

The Legal Forms and the Composition of Legal System of the "Canon Criminal Code-Legal Statutes" System in Ming and Qing Dynasties——The Unique Characteristics of the Chinese Legal System

法律形式的分类和法律体系的构成问题是中国古代法律史研究中的核心问题,是准确把握中华法系本质特征的基础。明清时期法律形式和法律体系是前两个时期演进下的一种混和产物。明清时期法律形式由会典和律典构成,其中,典是设范立制,律是正刑定罪,是西晋确立的令律分类原则的延续。明清时期法律体系是“典律—例”体系,具体由“会典—则例”与“律典—条例”两种次体系组成。这种法律体系是秦汉时期律令法律体系的产物,是基于法律效力等级和制定程序的分类结果。明清“典律—例”法律体系的理论基础是经学义理化下“经—传”理论。中国古代帝制时期法律形式和法律体系的分类和结构是一种实践理性下的自然演进产物,体现出中华法系在世界法律样式中的独有特质。

The classification of legal forms and the composition of legal system are the core issues in the study of ancient Chinese legal history and the basis for accurately grasping the essential characteristics of Chinese legal system.The legal form and legal system in the Ming and Qing Dynasties are a mixed product of the evolution of the first two periods.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the legal form was composed of Canon Criminal Code.Among them,the Canon was to set a model and establish a system,and Criminal Code was to determine the right crime and punishment,which was the continuation of the principle of classification of Criminal Code and decree established in the Western Jin Dynasty.The legal system in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is a"Canon Criminal Code-Legal statutes"system,which is composed of two subsystems:Canon-Legal statutesandCriminal Code-Legal statutes.This legal system is the product of the legal system of Criminal Code and decree in the Qin and Han Dynasties.It is the result of classification based on the level of legal effect and formulation procedure.The theoretical basis of the legal system of the Ming and Qing Dynasties is the theory of classics transmission under the rationalization of the meaning of classics.The classification and structure of legal forms and legal systems in the ancient imperial period of China is a natural evolution product under practical rationality,which reflects the unique characteristics of the Chinese legal system in the world legal style.