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轻罪重判国家赔偿案件的困境与出路

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摘要 我国国家赔偿法确立了无罪羁押赔偿原则。轻罪重判虽不属于无罪,但可能导致超期羁押,对公民人身自由造成严重侵犯。由于没有其他救济途径,应当依据无过错归责原则对轻罪重判造成的超期羁押给予国家赔偿。轻罪重判案件可以分为部分行为无罪型、重罪改判轻罪型、刑期调整型3类。目前除再审改判部分行为无罪的案件以外,其余情况都无法获得国家赔偿。考虑到国家补偿并不具有国家赔偿的违法抑制功能,不应将轻罪重判导致的国家责任统一纳入国家补偿体系当中。国家补偿和国家赔偿并行,也可能使救济渠道更为复杂,给赔偿请求人造成障碍。修改我国国家赔偿法是解决轻罪重判导致的超期羁押赔偿问题最直接、有效的方式。修法应当明确,在再审、二审或重审中,被告人被判决无罪或被减轻刑罚均有取得国家赔偿的权利。将轻罪重判案件纳入国家赔偿范围不会造成赔偿范围的过度扩大,也不会对轻罪重判的改判形成直接障碍。 China's State Compensation Law established the principle of compensation for innocent detention.Although the severe punishment for misdemeanors is not innocent,it may lead to excessive detention and cause serious infringement on citizens'personal freedom.Since there is no other remedy,state compensation should be made for excessive detention caused by misdemeanor felony conviction based on the principle of no-fault imputation.Severe punishment for misdemeanors cases can be divided into three categories:partial acquittal,felony to misdemeanor,and sentence adjustment.At present,except for the cases of partial acquittal of felony conviction by retrial,the rest of the cases are not eligible for state compensation.Considering that state compensation does not have the illegal suppression function of state compensation,the state responsibility caused by severe punishment for misdemeanors should not be uniformly included in the state compensation system.The juxtaposition of state compensation and state indemnity may also make the relief channels more complicated and create obstacles for compensation claimants.Therefore,amending the State Compensation Law is the most direct and effective way to solve the problem of compensation for overtime detention caused by misdemeanor felony convictions.It should be made clear through the amendment that in retrial,second trial or retrial,defendants who are found not guilty or have their sentences reduced have the right to obtain state compensation.The inclusion of misdemeanor felony cases into the scope of state compensation will not result in an excessive expansion of the scope of compensation,nor will it pose a direct obstacle to the severe punishment for misdemeanors cases.
作者 张新宇
出处 《法商研究》 CSSCI 北大核心 2023年第3期173-186,共14页 Studies in Law and Business
关键词 国家赔偿 刑事赔偿 轻罪重判 超期羁押 无罪羁押赔偿原则 state compensation criminal compensation severe punishment for misdemeanors overtime detention principle of compensation for innocent custody
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