茕民、慈善与政府——绅商自治与军阀统治时期上海华界的慈善事业(1905—1923)

Pauper,Charity and Government The Philanthropy in Chinese Downtown of Shanghai Between Gentry-Merchant Self-governance Era and War-lord Governance Era(1905—1923)

1905—1923年间上海华界慈善事业经历了绅商自治与军阀统治两个时期。1905—1913年间,上海绅士、商人创办勤生院(即后来的贫民习艺所)的过程充满了筚路蓝缕的艰辛,绅商自治机构通过贫民习艺所和慈善团的创办,干预与整合了上海华界的慈善组织,使得慈善官营化突飞猛进,慈善徭役化则隐而不显,茕民在获得救助的同时,却无法有效参与和监督自治绅商的所有慈善决定。1914—1923年间,历任军阀政府对于上海华界的慈善事业漠不关心,或者口惠而实不至,仅仅保护慈善奖券、彩票,颁发慈善奖章,或者趁机塞责,在灾荒之际号召慈善团体积极赈灾捐款,他们的所作所为恶化了上海华界的慈善事业处境,加深了各类茕民的困苦,加强了慈善民营化和慈善徭役化的倾向,同时也使得以新普育堂为代表的教会慈善势力迅速崛起,改变了旧有的以无宗教籍绅士、商人为主的华界慈善事业格局,使教会慈善势力成为近代上海慈善界的一支重要力量。

The philanthropy in Chinese downtown of Shanghai(1905—1923)could be divided into two eras,gentry-merchant self-governance era and warlord governance era.During1905-1913,Shanghai gentries and merchants founded Qinsheng Yuan(Workshop for paupers),their efforts were very hard,which intervened and integrated charity organizations of Chinese downtown of Shanghai During this era,bureaucratization of charity developed quickly and corveerization of charity was blurry.Paupers were helped but could not participate or supervise all charity decisions made by Shanghai gentries and merchants.During 1914—1923,different warlord governments were totally unconcerned about philanthropy in Chinese downtown of Shanghai,either they just protected publish rights of Shanghai charity lotteries,issued charity medals,or they appealed charity organizations to donate money for natural disasters.Their misbehavior deteriorated charity environment of Chinese downtown of Shanghai,deepened misery of all paupers,strengthened privatization and corveerization of charity.Also,their absence resulted that Church charity power(i.e.Xin Puyu Tang)rose rapidly,which changed the old charity structure centered by Shanghai gentries and merchants(non-religious).Church charity power became an important power in philanthropy category of modern Shanghai.