新中国乡村人才培养模式探索及启示——基于共大、电大“一村一”模式的分析

Cultivating talents for rural China since 1949:an analysis of the Communist Labor University model and the Radio & Television University "One College Student for One Village" model

人才培养在乡村建设中一直占据着重要地位。新中国成立以来开展了形式多样的乡村人才培养创新探索。从办学规模和层次来看,影响深远的主要为"共大"半工(农)半读模式和电大"一村一"模式。这两种模式分别切合不同时代的乡村建设需求,工学结合且注重实践教学,多快好省地开展乡村人才培养,形成了一系列经验。针对当前乡村人才培养中存在的系统性、连贯性、针对性不强,吸引力不足,配套制度不健全等问题,借鉴共大、电大"一村一"乡村人才培养探索中的有益经验,结合全面推进乡村振兴战略对乡村人才队伍建设的要求,建议从构建乡村终身教育服务体系、加强亲农为农教育、建立乡村振兴人才数据库、开展分类培养、创新"农科教"一体化培养模式、推进协同培养、完善学习支持服务、加强教师队伍建设、完善乡村人才培养评价体系、提升乡村教育治理水平十个方面推进。

Talent cultivation is key to the development of rural China.Exploration for innovative approaches has been going on ever since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.In terms of scale and level,the Communist Labor University(CLU)"part-time work and part-time study"model and the Radio&Television University(RTU)"One College Student for One Village"model are the most influential approaches.These two models were implemented to cater for rural development needs in different historical periods.With students working and studying at the same time,they both emphasized practical teaching and were able to train rural talents more efficiently and effectively.It is argued that lessons learnt from these models have implications for cultivating talents needed to revive rural communities in the new era.Ways to promote rural talent cultivation are proposed in light of China’s national strategy to revive its rural communities,including establishing rural talent databases,driving innovation in the agriculture-science&technology-education integration model,offering training to meet specific needs,promoting collaborative training,improving learner support,strengthening pro-agriculture education,constructing service systems for rural lifelong learning and enhancing rural education governance.