《民法典》对“利益”保护的法理建构——逻辑基础、实现路径与实现方式

The Construction of Legal Basis for the Protection of “Interests” in the Civil Code——Logical Foundation, Implementation Path and Implementation Mode

我国《民法典》将“利益”与“权利”并列为保护客体,但对于“利益”保护的逻辑基础、实现路径和实现方式,尚存在较多不明确之处。“法不禁止皆自由”具有对各种利益进行正当性证成的解释创设功能,是对利益提供保护的逻辑基础。《民法典》第126条中的“其他民事权利和利益”实际上属于法益的不同类别,对利益予以救济的实质是实现法益的区分保护。不区分保护模式存在着难以克服的逻辑困境与实践弊端,应当予以扬弃,利益在《民法典》中的确认与实现必须以区分保护模式为唯一的实现路径。从法益区分保护的视角来看,规范应由规则、原则和一般条款三种规范类型组成,一般条款有其存在的必要性,三种规范对于利益的保护都发挥着不可替代的作用。

“Interests”and“rights”are listed as the objects of protection in the Civil Code,but the logical basis,realization path and realization way of“interests”protection are still unclear.The philosophy of“what the law does not forbid,it allows”has the function of justifying the interpretation and creation of various interests,which is the logical basis for the protection of“interests”in the Civil Code.“Other civil rights and interests”in Article 126 of the Civil Code actually belongs to different categories of legal interests,and the essence of the relief of“interests”in the Civil Code is to realize the differentiated protection of legal interests.It is difficult to overcome the logical dilemma and practical malpractice of not distinguishing the protection mode,so it should be deserted and abandoned.The recognition and realization of“interest”in the Civil Code must take distinguishing the protection mode as the only way of realization.From the perspective of protection of legal interest differentiation,norms should be composed of three types:rules,principles and general provisions.General provisions are necessary for their existence,and the three kinds of norms all play irreplaceable roles in the protection of“interests”.