清末川边治理中赵尔丰与清廷互动论析

On the Interaction between ZHAO Er-feng and the Qing Dynasty in the Governance of Chuanbian in the Late Qing Dynasty

英俄觊觎西藏使得连接川藏的川边重要性凸显,清廷为保藏固川,在西藏地方推行新政的同时也逐渐调整川边治理策略,清末赵尔丰对川边的经营使得川边治理取得重大成效。但川边治理过程中,赵尔丰与清廷的意见并非总是一致,如调任驻藏办事大臣之初赵尔丰不愿进藏遭清廷严厉督斥;因西藏地方抵制进藏未果后,赵尔丰力主对藏用兵、对川边改流建省;而清廷仅让赵尔丰护送川军进藏,否定川边建省计划,主张川边仍设道归四川省管辖等。本文聚焦于1908到1909年,从清末川边经营中赵尔丰与清廷的互动,论述清末清廷边藏治理政策仍在强硬与退缩之间调试摇摆,阐述清末开启的川边与内地一体化进程、传统边疆治理体系向近代民族国家边疆治理体系的转变。

Britain and Russia’s coveting of Tibet highlighted the importance of the Chuanbian which connecting Sichuan and Tibet.In order to preserve Tibet and consolidate Sichuan,the imperial court of Qing gradually adjusted the strategy of Chuanbian while implementing the new policy in Tibet.ZHAO Er-feng made great achievements of management of Chuanbian.In the process of governance,ZHAO Er-feng did not always agree with the imperial court of Qing.For example,at the beginning of his tenure as the minister in Tibet,ZHAO Er-feng was severely criticized bythe imperial court of Qing for opposing entry into Tibet.After the failure of Tibet’s boycott of the Qing government’s entry into Tibet,ZHAO Er-feng advocated entering Tibet by troops and establishing a new province by reform.However,the imperial court of Qing only allowed ZHAO Er-feng to escort the Sichuan army into Tibet,denied the plan of building a province by Chuanbian,and advocated that the Chuanbian should still be under the jurisdiction of Sichuan Province.Focusing on 1908 to 1909,this paper discusses the differences and solutions between ZHAO Er-feng and the imperial court of Qing on Chuanbian and Tibetan affairs,so as to deepen the understanding of the adjustment process of the imperial court of Qing’s policy on Chuanbian governance.