近代广州公共卫生事业中的警察角色

The Role of Police in Public Health in Modern Guangzhou

近代广州公共卫生事业的兴起与发展,同警察系统的关系密不可分,其开端可以追溯到20世纪初广东巡警总局卫生科的设立。1921年广州设市,广州市卫生局同时成立,这是近代广州首次出现专门的卫生管理机构。在近代广州卫生事业的发展过程中,长期呈现出卫生行政专业化难度大、卫生立法薄弱等弊端,而警察系统则凭借强制性国家机器的特性,在卫生行政体系中发挥了难以替代的作用。每当处理传染病防治、麻风患者捕捉、城市卫生巡察及市民卫生宣传等危险繁重的工作时,需要大量警力参与。为了厘清职责,市卫生局更直接参照警区制度,将市区划分为若干卫生区。不仅如此,围绕卫生警察设置引起的广泛讨论,更直接展示了行政、立法与警察在近代广州卫生事业中的紧密关系,从而促使以卫生局为核心的卫生管理系统,在内、外合力的作用下不断得到完善。

The rise and development of public health undertakings in modern Guangzhou are closely related to the police system. Its beginning can be traced back to the establishment of the health department of the General Bureau of Guangdong patrol police in the early 20th century. In 1921, Guangzhou was founded and the Guangzhou Municipal Health Bureau was established at the same time. This was also the first time when a special health management institution appeared in modern Guangzhou. In the process of Guangzhou’s health industry development, there were many drawbacks such as the difficulty of Health Administration Specialization and the weakness of health legislation for a long time. The police system played an irreplaceable role in the health system by virtue of the characteristics of mandatory state machinery. When dealing with such heavy and dangerous tasks as infectious disease prevention and control, leprosy capture, urban health inspection and public health publicity, a large number of police forces were deployed. In order to clarify their responsibilities, the Municipal Health Bureau directly referred to the police district system and divided the urban area into several health districts. In addition, the extensive discussion about the establishment of health police directly demonstrated the close relationship between the administration, legislation and the police in the modern Guangzhou health industry, thus promoting the health management system with the Health Bureau as the core to be constantly improved under the role of internal and external forces.