民间力量何以可能?——中国司法的社会化传统

How Local Power Matters?——The Socialized Tradition of Chinese Justice

司法社会化是中国司法之一重要传统.晚清以降至改革开放前夕,司法社会参与可以分别概括为“自噬型社会参与”“补充型社会参与”“建构型社会参与”“顺应型社会参与”.晚清“官批民调”将官府审断与民间调处连接起来,但民间调处仍受制于社会宰制状态,而非理想型自治.法律形式主义与司法专业化塑造出民国基层司法的双层构造,而在实践中社会调解仍构成法院审判的补充力量.抗日根据地与解放区坚持司法群众化路线,这具有司法技术价值且含有社会治理、政治动员的建构意义,由是,打破国民政府基层司法的双层构造.中华人民共和国成立至改革开放前夕,由于国家正统性已然确立,除了司法技术意义,社会力量参与司法的重心转移至贯彻、落实党与国家的方针、政策及法律.特定时期之纠纷解决方式及其意义皆与所处时代之社会结构、经济状况、文化意识诸要素息息相关,中国司法的社会化传统正是不同历史时期客观社会环境的产物.

Judicial Socialization is an important tradition in Chinese justice.From the eve of the Chinese Reform and Opening-up to the late Qing Dynasty,the judicial participation of the society can be summarized as“Self-resolution Social Participation”,“Supplemental Social Participation”,“Constructive Social Participation”and“Conforming Social Participation”.In late Qing Dynasty,“Guan-Pi-Min-Tiao”linked the government's judgments to the peer mediations,but the latter was still subject to social domination,not idealistic autonomy.Legal formalism and judicial professionalization have shaped the two-tier structure of the grassroots judiciary.In practice,peer mediation still constitutes a supplementary force for court trials.In the period of the War of Resistance against Japan,the anti-Japanese base areas and the liberated areas adhered to the judicial mass line,which has judicial and technical significance and contains the construction meaning of social govermance and political mobilization,which breaks the two-tier structure grassroots justice of the Nationalist Government.From the establishment of P.R.C.to the eve of Reform and Opening-up,in addition to the judicial technical significance,the focus of social participation in the administration of justice shifted to the enforcement of CPC and country's policies,guidelines and laws.The dispute resolution methods and their meanings in a specific period are closely related to the social structure,economic status and cultural awareness of the times.The socialization tradition of Chinese justice is the product of the objective social environment in different historical periods.