职业倦怠：内涵、测量与形成机理

Job Burnout: Connotation, Measurement and Formation Mechanism

基于对国内外最新文献的深入分析,构建了一个系统的职业倦怠研究框架.首先,在剖析职业倦怠概念和维度划分的基础上,特别关注了职业倦怠与工作投入关系辨析的最新研究进展.其次,在职业倦怠测量体系发展脉络方面,自首个职业倦怠量表(MBI)提出后,其主要按照MBI的'自我完善'、不足和'另辟蹊径'、本土化这三个路径展开.再次,在职业倦怠形成机理方面,职业倦怠形成机理的研究实质上经历着从早期仅分析组织内外部环境因素的单一影响,再转到探讨个体自身特征因素的影响.据此,本文将其进一步归纳为环境层面下的工作要求—资源视角、角色压力视角,以及个体层面下的认知视角和个人特质视角,并揭示了多视角下的职业倦怠形成机理.最后,总结了相关结论并提出管理启示,指出了未来的研究方向.本研究不仅丰富了职业倦怠的理论研究,同时也为人力资源管理实践提供了理论依据.

Based on an in-depth analysis of relevant literature,we find that:(1)Early conclusions on the connotation and dimension of job burnout have been widely recognized by academic community.However,the disagreement on the definition of job burnout and work engagement has long been an issue that cannot be ignored.(2)As a concept describing physical and psychological characteristics of people,job burnout has an obvious difference in subject.That is,different occupational groups show great differences in the overall level and specific dimensions of burnout.Coupled with the influence of cultural differences,the measurement of job burnout is extremely complicated.Previous studies mainly focus on the application of scales,but pay insufficient attention to the systematic review of the measurement system of job burnout.(3)Despite many empirical researches to explore the antecedents of job burnout,as far as the overall literature is concerned,these studies are not conducive to revealing the formation mechanism of job burnout comprehensively because of the lack of systematic induction and summary.In light of all these concerns,this paper proposes a systematic research framework of job burnout.Firstly,after expounding the connotation of job burnout,we pay special attention to the latest research progress on the debate of the relationship between job burnout and work engagement.Secondly,this paper clarifies the development of the job burnout measurement system.Based on the first job burnout scale MBI,we comprehensively summarize the development of the job burnout measurement system from four aspects:the proposal of MBI,the“self-improvement”of MBI,MBI’s flaws and“find alternative paths”,and the localization of MBI.Thirdly,this paper reveals the formation mechanism of job burnout from multiple perspectives.Based on the analysis of the latest literature at home and abroad,we find that early researches only analyze the single influence of internal and external environmental factors of organization and later turn to explore the influence of individual characteristics.We summarize these studies into four perspectives:the perspectives of JD-R model and role stress under the environmental level,and the perspectives of cognition and personality trait under the individual level.Finally,the future research directions of job burnout are prospected.For example,discriminate the relationship between job burnout and work engagement from the perspective of causal relationship,try more scientific methods such as the implicit research to improve the measurement of job burnout,and strengthen the formation mechanism of job burnout from more perspectives,disciplines and situational factors.