洪涝胁迫下退田还湖生态补偿机制研究——以洞庭湖区为案例

Study on Eco-Compensation of Returning Land to lake --A Case of Dongting Lake Areas

生态补偿是一种使外部成本内部化的环境经济手段,其核心问题包括:谁补偿谁,补偿多少和如何补偿。长江中游地区湖泊湿地的退田还湖工程是恢复长江生态功能系统工程中一个重要的子系统,而工程能否顺利实施的关键又在于退田还湖农民在其中损失的利益能否得到补偿,以及为生态恢复所作的贡献能否得到承认。洞庭湖是我国较大的湖泊湿地景观生态系统之一,环湖地区人口和城镇密集,又是全国重要的商品农业基地,退田还湖、移民安置的人口压力大。本文以洞庭湖区湿地退田还湖的生态补偿为案例,对补偿机制建立的重要性、补偿的作用、补偿的利益相关方、补偿的额度及补偿途径等问题,作了初步的研究。

Eco-compensation is an environmental economics instrument for internalization of external cost,in cluding three Key aspects: who compensate whom, how much to compensate, and what is the appropriate compensation mechanism. lake recovery is one of the important parts of restoring ecological function of the Yangtze River. Whether or not the project could be successful, which depends on the compensation to the farmers, who have lost their original benefits and contributed to the ecosystem recovery. The availability of reasonable approaches to settle down the relocated population is an significant premises for the implement of the programs to restore the ecological environment in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. It refers not only to the provision of basic living space for the relocated population, but also to the creation of opportunities of employment and development for the population. Dongting lake region is an important national commercial agricultural field with high population density. The practical implementation of programs of lake recovery and flood control in this area has been challenged by the heavy task of population relocation, it is an ideal area to do case study to reach the academic objectives proposed above. The wetland in Dongting lake reqion is the largest lacustrine wetland in China, covering an area of 8.77×105 hm2. Wetland, located in the terrestial-aquatic transverse zone, is an important landscape and ecosystem, which has huge environmental functions in maintaining ecological balace and regional stability due to their particular characteristics in hydrology, soil, and plant, as well as landscape ecological structures. But over past decades, wetland landscapes have been changed by human activities, which influence service function of ecosystem. The purpose of lake recovery is restoring ecological service function of wetland. Howerer, farmer's benefits are damaged. So it is neccessary for appropriate compensation to them. This article take Dongting lake region as a case study and explores the basic issues of the eco-compensation, that is who should pay, whom should have paid, how much is the payment and payment pathway. Based on analysis, the cost of eco-compensation for per captain Dongting lake area is 4 730 yuan. In order to realize the eco-compensation, we must improve the compensation of social environment, political spatial, compensational measures, and mental situation, in the meanwhile, some problems must be resolved, for example, how to definite the stakehoder of eco-compensation, ascertain compensation time and accurately calculate the income losses of farmers for the lake recovery, and so on. So it can provide advantageous conditions to eco-compensation.