十八世纪清代“多主制”与《宾礼》的关联与牴牾

The Consonance and Dissonance Between the "System of Multitude of Lords" and the Qing Guest Ritual in the Eighteenth Century

针对以费正清为代表的用＂朝贡体制＂来解释＂中国的世界秩序＂之观念，何伟亚最近提出，清代的《宾礼》才反映了清廷处理对外关系的原则和方式，且体现了远更广阔的整合＂天下＂秩序的构想。但他又强调满清对其帝国的想象是一种＂以满清皇室为最高君主的多主制＂。本文以为，以蒙藏关系为基础的所谓＂多主制＂和＂宾礼＂适用的对象各不相同，其间固有关联，同时更有相当程度的Ｎ（０４２牾，不宜并论。

Challenging the interpretation of 'Chinese world order' as th e 'tribute system ' represented by J.K. Fairbank, J.L. Hevia recently claimed that it was the Qin g Guest Ritual which embodied not only the principles and methods of the Qing co urt in its foreign relations, but also its broader concept of integrating world order. Moreover, Hevia emphasizes that 'the Qing imagining of empire'lies in the notion that 'the world was made up of a multitude of lords over whom Manchu emperors sought to position themselves as overlord.' This essay argues that, fo r the Manchu, the so-called system of multitude of lords and the Qing Guest Ritua l were very different. Although they were connected to certain degree in the ei ghteenth century, the significant dissonance between them made the integration o f the two as one world order unlikely.