试论语体分类的语法学意义

Discourse taxonomies and their grammatico-theoretical implications

目前语法学家对语体的认识一般只限于口语和书面语的基本区别。本文首先介绍当代话语语言学在语体分类上提出的若干原则和方法，说明进一步分类的必要性和分类的多角度特性。然后结合汉语的几个实际问题（汉语基本句型的确定问题，“把”字句与“将”字句的区别，“怎么”的独用格式）论证区别语体的视点在汉语语法研究上的实践意义。文章的主要观点是：以语体为中心的语法研究具有重大理论意义，应该是今后语言学研究的一个基本出发点。

This paper draws attention to the importance of studying grammar based on discourse types. Traditionally,text taxonomies have generally made a distinction between spoken and written language. Current discourseresearch has discussed this issue from multiple perspectives, making distinctions between such categoriesas discourse medium and discourse mode, planned and unplanned discourse, and so forth. This paperintroduces these new ways of discourse and argues for a more precise taxonomy of discoursetypes. It demonstrates the significance of discourse-type based grammatical investigations by discussingthe following issues in Chinese: the basic syntactic structure; the distinction between the ba-constructionand the jiang-constriction, and the use of the interrogative expression zenme. It is shown that in allinstances a discourse-type based approach yields more useful insights into the phenomena in question.The general theoretical question raised in the paper is: Is thee a general grammar of Chinese (or anylanguage) existing independent of all discourse types? It is believed that a serious consideration of thisquestion and systematic studies of discourse types could open new vistas to grammar.