语用推理与“都”的句法/语义特征

Pragmatic Reasoning and Syntactic/Semantic Characterization of Dou

本文着重考察“都”所涉及的语用因素和语用过程。在引入了预设这个概念之后，笔者提出“都”的对象已不能完全凭语句的表面层次来判断。唯一可确定的是该对象不能在谓词右边出现。在简单介绍了关联理论之后，笔者认为可以把“都”的语言编码信息分成概念信息和程序信息两种，它们共同构成了“都”的语义。本文最后讨论一些与“都”相关的结构，提出“都”只有一种用法。

This paper focuses on pragmatic factors affecting the syntactic and semantic behaviour of dou, which has engendered a considerable amount of literature in syntax, semantics and Chinese descriptive grammar, e g Lee (1986), Chiu (1990), Liu (1990), He (1994), Cheng (1995), Hsieh (1995), J Li (1995), X Li (1995), Huang (1995, 1996), Lin (1996), Mok & Rose (1997), Zhang (1997) and works written in Chinese Much of the literature debated on dou's target and its possible positions at the sentence level The view put forward in this paper is that once we start identifying dou's target in presuppositions in addition to the superficial structures of sentences, all we can maintain is that dou's target cannot be placed after the predicate; the rest are best left to pragmatic reasoning Another central observation made in this paper is that contrary to the overwhelming claims on the polysemous nature of dou, it has only one usage and one semantic characterization Other alleged uses should not be attributed to dou's encoded meaning, but to some explicatures and implicatures which are elicited not by dou alone, but by the whole structures containing dou This claim would not be possible if no mention were made of the pragmatic processes related to the behaviour of dou The pragmatic factors and processes discussed in this paper are formulated within the framework of Relevance Theory (Sperber & Wilson, 1995/1986), of which a brief introduction is provided Also discussed with reference to the theory of relevance is the conceptual and procedural information encoded in the linguistic unit of dou