梁山旧石器遗址的初步观察

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATION OF LIANGSHAN PALEOLITHIC SITE

梁山旧石器产自汉水第三阶地砾石层,与“大熊猫-剑齿象动物群”共生,是一个含手斧的旧石器时代初期工业。它与秦岭北坡“汾渭地堑”的同期文化关系密切,在类型和技术上与华南的百色石器、朝鲜半岛的全谷里文化、东非的奥杜韦文化和发达的奥杜威文化也有相似之处。

The late geologist Yu Shiyuan collected some paleolithic artifacts in the Liangshan area in July 1951. These remains constituted the first discovery of the earliest evidence of human acti-vity in the Hanshui R. valley. Unfortunately, it had been neglected for a period preceding 1980. In 1980, under the effort of Prof. Yian Jiaqi of Xian Mining College, the site once more saw the light of day. The total number of Yian's collection is 1000 artifacts or more, but most of them were from surface collections. In 1982, the first author of the present paper went to Liangshan and found more than 30 stone artifacts from the surplus gravels in the quarry of the Lunggang Temple brickkiln. In addition, two pieces were obtained from exeavation. In the spring of 1985, 108 stone artifacts were also collected by the Archaeological Institute of Shaanxi province. In November of the same year, a team from the IVPP and Banpo Museum went to Liagshan and continued the investigations. 147 additional paleoliths were found. Among them, 81 came from the quarry of the Lunggang Temple brickkiln. It is especially fortunate that Tang Ying-jun and Zong Guanfu of the IVPP and some colleagues of Geological Museum of Shaanxi pro-vince have found several Paleolithic localities and associated mammalian faunas in the other areas of the Hanshui R. valley, Therefore the study of Liangshan paleolith has entered a new stage. The Liangshan site is situated in the quarry of the Lunggang Temple brickkiln, about 10km southwest of Hanzhong city, Shaanxi province (106°58'E, 33°3'N). This is the upper reaches of the Hanshui R. and southern margin of the Hanzhong Basin, attached to the Dabashan Mt. in south and overlooking the Qinling Mts. from the other side of the Hanshui R. in north. The height above sea level in the basin is 510-530 m. (Fig. 1). Five terrace levels of Hanshui R. can be seen in Lunggang Temple area and measure 6-10 m., 15-20 m., 40-50 m., 60-80 m. and 150-170 m. above the present level of Hanshui R. respectively. The section yielding stone artifacts is located in the upper deposits of the third terrace mentioned above. Exposed thickness is 8-10 m. The sequence of the section from top to bottom in turn is as follows (Fig. 2): 6. Brownish red, brownish grey clay, thickness 0.2-0.5 m. 5. Greyish drab fine sand, thickness 0.2 m. 4. Blackish drab clay, thickness 0.2-0.3m. 3. Reddish drab sandy clay, thickness 2-8 m. 2. Gravel. Scattering 1-2 m. above ground. The stone artifacts were found in this layer. 1. Greyish brown, greyish green crystallian complex which consists of the bottom of the third terrace, local exposed thickness is 2-3 m. More than 1,000 stone artifacts have been collected by the scientists from Liangshan area since 1980. Among them more than 200 pieces were obtained from the layer 2 of the third terrace level in the quarry of the Lunggang Temple brickkiln in situ, while the rest were collected on the surface of the fourth and fifth terrace levels and the top of hills nearby. The raw mate-rials employed for making artifacts consist of cobbles of quartz, volcanic rock and quartzite from the gravel of the third terrace. Direct free-hand blows and the 'bipolar' methods were used to flaking, but the former is in the majority. The retouches of tool were made by stonehammer. The tool types include chopper, choppingtool, spheroid, biface, cleaver, pick and scraper. Of them, the chopper, ch-opping-tool and spheroid are the most common. The size of these types is generally big, be-longing to the heavy-duty tools. There are some light-duty tools, too. However, they cover only some scrapers, a few of spheroids and chopping-tools. Most of the tools mentioned above were made of cobbles. In typology, technology and size, Liangshan Stone Industry is similar to those of Lantian, Kehe, Sanmenxia city and Dingcun located in the 'Fen-Wei Graben' at north slope of Qinling Mts. and especially the Sanmenxia city. All types of stone implement found in Sanmenxia city can be seen in the Liangshan site. Liangshan Stone Industry also can be c