创新型城市建设国际比较及启示

International comparison of innovative city construction and inspiration

随着当代世界经济的飞速发展和全球经济一体化进程的不断加速,创新已经成为一国赶超时代脚步的核心动力,创新的主体也由最初的诸如工艺、技术等具体微观层面逐渐提升到发展模式等宏观抽象层面。城市现在已经成为国家经济发展的核心主体和竞争网络中的重要支撑点,一个城市的创新能力和发展模式甚至可以影响某个区域、某个行业的发展,可以说,创新型城市在促进区域经济发展和转型过程中发挥着重要作用,也是建设创新型国家的出发点和基础。创新型城市的出现是经济社会发展的需要,是历史、政治、经济、制度等多因素共同作用的产物[1],因此,处于不同发展环境和背景之下的城市创新途径不尽相同,所形成的创新型城市也分为多种类型。通过对国外发展成熟的典型创新型城市的产生、发展、成熟过程进行深入分析,研究国外典型创新型城市发展路径和内在推动力量,我们发现政府和市场这两种截然不同的力量塑造并制约着创新型城市的形成与发展。从形成与发展机制层面分析,可以将国内外创新型城市划分为政府主导型、市场导向型、政府-市场混合型三种建设模式。同时,由于城市的天然禀赋如自然资源、科教资源、行业资源各不相同,在创新型城市发展过程中政府与市场力量的塑造效果也是不同的,这也使得国内外创新城市具有不同的发展路径和自身特点。鉴于创新型城市对区域经济和国民经济的重要影响,我国亦开始关注创新型城市的建设,并有意识的建设了诸如北京海淀区中关村科技园区、上海、天津等依托行业、科教、地理等优势因素的创新型城市,形成以创新型城市为中心辐射周边区域,带动区域经济的发展模式。我国的创新型城市形成与发展与国外典型的创新型城市发展模式既有类似之处又存在自身特点,这就使得我们不能完全照搬国外创新型城市的发展模式,而要在国外创新型城市成功发展路径、模式的基础上,融入中国特色,以我国城市禀赋的客观条件为基础,吸收国外先进的创新型城市发展先进经验,在创新型城市建设道路上少走弯路。本文即从国外创新型城市的建设现状出发,研究国外典型创新型城市的形成、发展与自身特点,进行国内外创新城市的比较,将国外创新型城市发展的先进经验应用于我国的创新型城市建设,为我国更好地建设和发展创新型城市提供经验支持,带动区域经济发展,提升国民经济整体素质和竞争力。

With the rapid development of the contemporary world economy and global economic integration process,innovation has become the core power of a country to catch up with the time steps,and the body of innovation has gradually changed from the specific- and- micro plane such as technology to the abstract- and- macro plane such as development model. City has now become the core of national economy development and the important fulcrum of the competition network,and city's ability to innovate and development model can even influence the development of a region and an industry. So,the innovative city now is playing an important role in promoting regional economic development and the process of economic transformation. The emergence of innovative city meets the need of economic and social development,which is the result of multiple factors including history,politics,and economy and so on. So,the innovative ways of cities are different in different development environment and historical background,and there are several types of innovative cities. We find that the government and the market are two different powers of shaping and restricting the formation and development of innovative city through researching the development paths of typical foreign innovative cities and their internal driving force. We can divide the construction mode of innovative cities into three types which are government- oriented,market- oriented and government- market- oriented from the mechanism of formation and development level. Because the differences of natural resources,political resources,education resources among different cities,the shaping effect of government and market is different during the development process of innovative cities,and different innovative cities have their own properties. In view of the important influence of innovative city for regional economy and the national economy,we also begin to pay close attention to the construction of the innovative city,and constructed innovative cities such as the China's Silicon Valley,Shanghai,Tianjin consciously in order to promote the regional economic development. The formation and development of innovative cities in our country are similar as foreign typical innovative city,but our development mode of innovative cities have its own characteristics at the same time,so we can't completely copy the development mode of foreign innovative city. The better way is to absorb foreign advanced development experience of the advanced innovative cities based on the objective conditions of our urban endowments. In this paper,we research the formation and development of typical foreign innovative cities with its own characteristics from the point of construction situation of these innovative cities abroad,and compare innovation cities at home and abroad to find out the advanced experience of the development of an innovative city. Then apply the advanced experience in our innovative cities construction in order to drive the regional economic development and enhance the national economy overall quality and competitiveness.