功利主义是一种“平等主义”的学说吗?

Is Utilitarianism a Theory of “Equalitarianlism”

功利主义作为西方一个影响巨大的思想流派,它一经产生便与现代视野下人们极其关注的"平等"问题有着较为复杂的关系。长期以来,人们不断地反复追问功利主义是否可以"平等"的话题。由于功利主义和平等二者各自都有着复杂的内涵和不同的面向,所以要厘清二者之间的关系,首先需要界定清楚它们各自不同维度。功利主义主要有强调个人为核心的功利主义和注重社会集体的功利主义两个面向,平等则一般认为有四个维度——起点平等、机会平等、规则平等和结果平等。以个人为核心的功利主义在起点平等、机会平等和规则平等这三个维度上是可以实现平等主义理想的,但结果平等却是不可欲的;以社会为本位的功利主义则在四个平等的维度上都是不可能的。

As a huge influence stream in west thinking circle,utilitarianism has a very complex relationship with the modern 'equality'issue since it emerged. People have been continuing to question whether the utilitarianism is 'equality'for a long time. Because utilitarianism and equality have their respective complex contents,we need to define their respective contents clearly before making clear their relationship. Utilitarianism has two different faces. One is based on individualism,and the other on collectivism. Equality has four different faces,that is,the starting point equality,chance equality,regulation equality and consequence equality. The utilitarianism based on individualism can realize the equality ideal in the starting point,chance and regulations,but it can't do so in consequence equality. However,the utilitarianism based on collectivism entirely has no possibility in the four aspects of equality.